Grooming is seen as a method of making friendships, and forming close bonds to maintain trust.

Grooming is also an activity used for relaxation. Just like how humans perform relaxing self-care techniques by taking baths or doing face masks, chimps grooming one another gives off the same aurora.

Leave scents to mark their territory.

They use their scents to identify eachother.

Foxes have a ‘violet’ gland on the tail.

They have noses which aid the detection of the scent trails.

Monkeys often check each other for scabby patches and parasites. If these occur then it is a sign of ill health and the other monkeys in the pack will remove these. This helps the chimp to survive.

communicate through many ways using ears, eyes, mouth, tail, degree of muscle tension and posture.

For example courtship of a peacock.

Raise there tail and train feathers, they also often vibrate them when peahen is infront of them (“train-rattling”).

this attracts peahens visual attention, for mating.

humans can not hear the noise of the feathers however peahens and rivals can sense and respond to the noise.. which either creates major competition or allows them to reproduce.

Chimpanzees will grin at an approaching dominant male of their species to show their acceptance of the males dominance. The grin is known as the fear grin.

They also leave scent trails to frequently used food sources and other resources to help them remember where they are.

Also, ants smell each other’s antennae and transfer chemicals. This can tell ants how old they are and who the ants belong to. It can also reveal if the ant is ill and if it will contaminate any other ants if allowed in.

Dolphins use auditory communication through a series of clicking sounds and whistles, each with their own unique vocal pitch. These differences in vocal pitch are essential to communicating within the pod so dolphins can decipher who’s speaking.

• Whines/whimpers indicate friendly interaction but can also express frustration or anxiety.

• Growls/snarls are threatening or defensive behaviours.

• Barking is rare and is used as an alarm signal e.g. when wolves sense danger to warm others.

Teaches young key information and how to survive.

This will let other mountain lions know that that territory belongs to them and ward other animals away to keep them away

It’s territory could be more than 100 square miles

This can play a significant role in the survival of the species.

A mothers trunk may be used to caress, reassure or assist a calf. This is necessary for growth and understanding for the calf.

It may also be used more in a social circumstance, for exemple to explore the genitals, mouth or temporal glands of a family member, to touch or explore the body of a dead elephant, to touch or push another in play.

In more aggressive or defensive contexts an elephant may use its trunk to slap or to block, or to reach out to another for reassurance when facing a predator.

They release urine deposits to indicate readiness for mating.

These could be gestures , facial expressions, body postures and coloration.

Gestures and postures are used in mating rituals.

Facial expressions are used to convey information.

Visual comes in 2 forms.

This is badges and displays.

Badges - colour and shape

Displays - behaviours animal exhibit

Frugivorous Birds:

• They rely on discerning colours to find ripe fruits.

• They also rely on vibrant colour markings in feathers or beaks.

Bees:

• Use system of body movements called waggle dances to tell other colony members where best sources of nectar are.

• Bees dance in circles or figures of eight patterns.

Monkeys

• skin around female genitals periodically becomes swollen and brightly coloured.

• Occurs when fertile and receptive to mating.