02: Latinx history in the US (1931-1980) by Judi Freeman https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n This timeline focuses on Latinx history in the US from 1931-1980 Please place your items on the timeline and drag them to the proper place so that they are in chronological order from left to right. en-us 2021-02-02 03:30:29 UTC 2024-05-21 09:29:41 UTC hello@padlet.com 1933 -- Mexican Cotton Workers Strike smei1 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160458614 Beginning in October 4, 1933, around 15,000 to 18,000 of the cotton workers, of which 95% were Mexican migrant workers, went on strike in Central California. Their pay have decreased by 75% even when the price of the cotton have increased by 150% and they demanded one dollar for per 100 pounds of cotton picked. On October 10, two people, Dolores Hernandez, and Delfino Davila were killed and eight others wounded by armed white ranchers. In another instance, Pedro Subia was killed and three other migrants were wounded in a confrontation of growers and the police. Through out the strike, the growers evicted the workers from the farms and asked others to not serve them food. The federal government would only provide aid to the migrants workers if they accepted the growers' demands. This led to the death of seven children due to malnutrition. The migrant workers that were killed did not receive any justice. The strike ended on October 26 when the growers agreed to pay the workers 75 cents per 100 pounds on cotton.]]> 2021-02-03 18:47:37 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160458614 1943- Zoot Suit Riots nsalter3 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160459556 The Zoot Suit riots were a series of violent classes between servicemen, off-duty officers and civilians fought against young Latinx youth and other minorities in Los Angeles. The conflict gets it's name from the type of baggy suit that young minorities would wear at the time, called Zoot suits. As the clothes were often worn by minority men, they got a racist stereotype surrounding it and would be used to scope out "gangsters" at the time. Before this attack, on May 31st, there was a clash between a sailor and a Mexican man, and the sailor had been beat up. In retaliation, 50 men carrying clubs and other weapons walked down the street looking for men in Zoots, aka racially profiling their clothing. Mobs of servicemen began attacking young minorities in Zoots. It could be called a mass lynching.]]> 2021-02-03 18:47:48 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160459556 1943 - Caucasian Race Resolution zrobertsclarke https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160460833 Labeled some Mexicans ''White''

]]> 2021-02-03 18:48:01 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160460833 1942-- The Bracero Program molson416 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160464049 The Bracero Program was an executive order that allowed workers (known as braceros) to come from Mexico on labor contracts. Its purpose was to address the shortage of farmers and agricultural workers at the time. The Bracero Program guaranteed certain protections for its workers, but often times these needs were not met and workers were paid very low wages, or sometimes not paid at all. The program ended in 1964, but it established the importance of migrant workers, as well as led to the rise of the United Farm Workers, a union that continued to fight the inequalities the migrant workers faced long after the end of the program. It also led to a rise of immigrants coming to the U.S. to seek work. ]]> 2021-02-03 18:48:37 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160464049 1940 -- The US Census reclassifies people of Mexican descent from the category of Mexican to “white.” mnguyen821 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160464945 Until 1930, Mexicans has been counted as white. In the 1930 US census, a "Mexican" race category was added, which when chosen was connected with roced deportation of many Mexican Americans. With the help of the Mexican government, in 1940, the US census removed the Mexican category and recategorized Mexican Americans as white. This would provide Mexican Americans with more legal rights and privileges. This matters today because in 1970, the separate category of Hispanic origin was created to define the difference between race and ethnicity. ]]> 2021-02-03 18:48:47 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160464945 1944 -- Operation Bootstrap jsargent22 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160465597 Operation Bootstrap was a series of projects designed to turn Puerto Rico's existing agrarian economy into an industrial and more developed economy. The U.S. government teamed up with what is now known as the Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company to set up economical projects to industrialize Puerto Rico. The original economy of Puerto Rico was based around their sugar plantations. The effect that this transition from an agrarian economy to a more industrialized one was that there were far less jobs in agriculture and far more in manufacturing, but overall there was more unemployment than before. Due to the switch, wages increased and thus so did the living standards.]]> 2021-02-03 18:48:55 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160465597 1938 -- Pecan Shellers Strike cnguyen671 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160469916 Hispanics pecan shellers, mostly those of Mexican descent, went on strike in response to a wage decrease to protest against poor working conditions and low wage. It was a peaceful protest, but many strikers got arrested and got put into overcrowded cells. Strikers were finally able to from an agreement with the companies the board ordered high wagers for the strikers. They then formed a union. This event is important because it shows how many hispanic workers were working in poor conditions with low wages. They were able to protest and successfully get higher wages, including the formation of a union. Although they soon got replaced with machines, it shows that hispanic workers were able to lobby for better conditions. ]]> 2021-02-03 18:49:42 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160469916 1941-- The Fair Employment Practices Act is passed vobyrne https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160472430 On June 25th 1941, President Franklin Roosevelt signed executive order 8802, which legally put an end to racial discrimination by federal agencies and defense agencies. Many people were outraged that African Americans could go off to war and fight for their country but when they return home, they were faced with extreme racism. This Act stopped the defense industry and the government from barring people from jobs because of their "race, creed, color, or national origin". This was a big win for Civil Rights Activists such as A. Philip Randolph.]]> 2021-02-03 18:50:12 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160472430 1968 - Jose Sanchez zrobertsclarke https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160474798 First Latino to defy the military draft in public]]> 2021-02-03 18:50:40 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160474798 1959- The "Capeman" murders thashem https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160481387 The "Capeman" was a Puerto Rican man named Salvador Agron who murdered two teenage boys, mistaking them for being in a gang called the Norsemen. He was sentenced to death at 16 years old which made him the youngest prisoner ever to be on death row. Many campaigned for leniency and in prison he got his high-school diploma, wrote poems, and earned his Bachelor's degree. His sentence was later reduced and he was released in 1979. ]]> 2021-02-03 18:51:55 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160481387 1945 - The Longoria Affair otemple https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160484050 An American soldier Felix Longoria was killed in the Philippines during WWII, his remains were not returned to his family until 1949. Longoria's family attempted to have his buried at the local cemetery. The cemetery refused to bury his remains because it was segregated and reserved for whites. After Longoria was denied entrance to the cemetery for being Mexican- American US senator Lyndon B Johnson had Longoria's remains buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Washington DC. ]]> 2021-02-03 18:52:23 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160484050 1964 -- Congress Passes the Civil Rights Act phuang21 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160488968 After the Civil War, many states, especially the South, took measures to keep African Americans disenfranchised, enforcing segregation and condoning violence from white supremacist groups. Kennedy decided to act and proposed the most detailed civil rights legislation to date. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended segregation in public places and banned employment discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It was met with strong opposition of many southern Congress members, but later signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson. ]]> 2021-02-03 18:53:18 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160488968 1948- Delgado v Bastrop ISD ebogomolni https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160491891 In Texas in the 1940s Mexican and White children were segregated at schools due to the fact that Mexicans were categorized under Caucasian. In 1948 the League of United Latin American Citizens filed a court case against the Bastrop Independent School District. It was called Delgado because it was on behalf of Minerva Delgado and 20 other Mexican-American parents. The ruling was in favor of Delgado, that the California rule of segregation applied to Texas and that Mexican-American children could not be segregated from white children. This was significant due to the fact that it was one of the first successful cases that began challenging the racial segregation against Latinos. This matters now, because if not for this case, the desegregation with Mexican and white children would have continued, for who knows how long.]]> 2021-02-03 18:53:51 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160491891 nquiles4 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160496917 2021-02-03 18:54:46 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160496917 1970- "La Raza Unida" nsalter3 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160502190 In Texas of 1970, José Angel Gutierrez formed a new political party, called, "La Raza Unida." This poltical party was created in response to the lack of power held by Chicano-Raza people. Their goal is to have complete power over their lives as people or as a nation, as in self-determination. This political party fights for the interests of the Chicano-Raza people and workers, and works for the liberation of people and land, as seen in their official website. The political party is still active today. About LRUP | La Raza Unida Party (that is their website)]]> 2021-02-03 18:55:44 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160502190 1945 -- Proyecto del Idioma (Law No. 51) tson https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160502448 The Puerto Rican government passes this law which designates Spanish as the language of instruction in public schools, but it was vetoed by President Truman the next year. This particular policy made Spanish the medium of instruction and English as a subject until 3rd grade, where until 8th grade both languages were used as the medium of instruction varying by class. As the grade levels increase, English slowly becomes the main medium of instruction with Spanish being taught as a subject. (read pages 82 - 88 on the document attached).]]> 2021-02-03 18:55:47 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160502448 nquiles4 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160504603 2021-02-03 18:56:10 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160504603 nquiles4 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160505151 2021-02-03 18:56:16 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160505151 1942 - Sleepy Lagoon Murder nquiles4 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160505229 Jose Diaz was murdered on August 2nd, 1942 in Los Angeles. Without any evidence or suspicion, twenty-two Mexican individuals were arrested and charged for the murder of Jose. Only 17 were convicted, and 12 sent to San Quentin Prison. The LA Sheriff, when testifying claimed that it was in their nature to be violent. This accusation was based on the false claim they were of native american descent, whom were stereotypes by Americans as being violent and practicers of human sacrafice. Two years after the trial, following public outrage and protests, 12 of the men were freed and their convictions overturned.]]> 2021-02-03 18:56:17 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160505229 1961 - Bay of Pigs Operation shodin https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160507295 The Bay of Pigs operation, taking place in 1961, involved a planned invasion by the US government (the CIA) into Cuba in order to overthrow Fidel Castro. Some 1,500 Cuban exiles who opposed Castro were sent on multiple attack missions into Cuba. This involved a bombing and a direct land invasion.  In the end, the Cuban exiles were no match for Castro's military force, and they were all wiped out or captured. This shows the mistreatment of immigrants by the US government and how they just threw immigrants at the enemy with no real plan for victory. ]]> 2021-02-03 18:56:41 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160507295 1958-West Side Story Premiere mdooley22 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160509184 West Side Story, a playwright following the conflicts between Puerto Rican gangs and white youth in New York City, was first shown on Broadway in 1958. It uses song and dance to convey a larger message about the importance of racial tolerance. After being a hit on Broadway, it reached the big screen in 1961 with the lead being Puerto Rican actress Rita Moreno, witch resulted in her winning an oscar. ]]> 2021-02-03 18:57:02 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160509184 1968 - Cesar Chavez begins a 25 day fast nquiles4 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160514266 The leader of the  National Farm Workers Association went on a 25 day fast in February of 1968 to display his commitment to nonviolent in his work. He drew inspiration from Ghandi's fast and he wanted to take responsibility as a leader of a large movement. At the end of his fast, he was too weak to give a speech but it was read by someone else on his behalf and it ended with, "  truest act of courage, the strongest act of manliness, is to sacrifice ourselves for others in a totally nonviolent struggle for justice". His fast was successful and the protests against farmer exploitation continued entirely nonviolently, as well as the strike/boycott against grapes. ]]> 2021-02-03 18:57:58 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160514266 1968 -- East LA School Walkouts (Blowouts) mnguyen821 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160517288 In March 1968, thousands of Latinx students walked out of their East Los Angeles high schools and middle schools to protest decades of inferior and discriminatory education in the so-called "Mexican Schools." The students were led by Sal Castro, a Mexican American teacher who encouraged the students to protest against how their schools did not offer equal educational opportunities to Mexican American students and did not respect the students’ cultures. This lead to the beginning of the urban Chicano Movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s, the largest and most widespread civil rights protests by Mexican Americans in U.S. history. 

]]> 2021-02-03 18:58:34 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160517288 1972- The Freedom School otemple https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160525200 Escuela de la Raza Unida in Blythe, CA was opened in 1972 as a private k-12. The school was opened as a progressive place for Chicano students to better their education. After many incidents of racism and discrimination in the towns public schools students picketed for change in the school system. Students asking for change waned more diverse and inclusive lesson plans that acknowledged the contributions of Native Americans and Mexican Americans. Escuela de la Raza Unida was founded with the mission of inclusive education and is still going strong today. ]]> 2021-02-03 19:00:02 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160525200 1953- "What Price Wetbacks" mcuddy4 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160528052 "What Price Wetbacks" by the American GI Forum is a pamphlet that portrays the totally wretched living and working conditions of undocumented Mexican workers in the Texas border areas. The pamphlet also Condemns the farmers who exploit them and talks about Mexican Americans citizens losing their jobs to the "wetbacks" and being forced to become migrant workers, sometimes travelling long distances to get work.]]> 2021-02-03 19:00:33 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160528052 1962--National Farm Workers Association was Founded ehuang51 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160529017 Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta found the National Farm Workers Association, which became the largest and most important farmer worker union in the US. They created this association to combat the poor working conditions and low pay. They both led the group to join a strike by Filipino grape pickers and began a grape boycott that lasted 5 years. This boycott attracted a lot of attention especially since it was during the Civil Rights Movement. During the boycott, the union of farm workers won its first contract. The National Farm Workers Association turned into United Farm Workers of America. ]]> 2021-02-03 19:00:45 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160529017 1974- Equal Educational Opportunity Act ebogomolni https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160537383 The Equal Education Opportunity Act of 1974 made it so that bilingual education was available in Public Schools in a wider range. This made it more possible for Latinx students to learn better, and even today there are programs like ESL for bilingual students.]]> 2021-02-03 19:02:24 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160537383 1968-- San Antonio Walkouts vobyrne https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160550422 In San Antonio and several nearby cities, school boards refused to listen to the complaints of Chicano students. There was inequality in their schools such as segregation and a lack of a diverse cheerleading team. There were also bad conditions in the school buildings and the curriculum failed to recognize Mexican American culture. The school board denied their claims and ended the meeting. The Walkouts lasted 3 days and around 3,000 students left their classes and some marched to the school district offices. This event was important because it led to the city's first Latino superintendent.]]> 2021-02-03 19:04:54 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160550422 1968-- The Mexican American Legal Defense And Education Fund molson416 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160551541 In 1968 a group of Mexican American lawyers in San Antonio Texas founded the Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund (MALDEF), which aimed to train Mexican American lawyers, provide scholarships, advocate for immigrants, and push for legislation. It was founded as a response to the discrimination that Mexican Americans faced in the legal system and it hoped to provide some protection and encourage more Mexican Americans to take up law. They also began to focus more on legislation and immigrants' rights. MALDEF is still active today and it continues to fight for rights and protections for the immigrant community and for the Latinx community. ]]> 2021-02-03 19:05:08 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1160551541 1957--Henry B. González ddiep2 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169339898 Henry B. Gonzalez (b. 1916-2000) was a Democratic politician from Texas and the longest-serving Hispanic Congressman (1961-1999). In 1957, he and Senator Abraham Kazen held the longest filibuster in Texas history. This filibuster lasted 36 hours and tossed 8 of 10 proposed  pro-segregation bills that evaded the ruling of the Brown v. Board of Education case in Texas.]]> 2021-02-05 17:25:50 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169339898 1946-- Mendez v Westminster School District margyros https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169341528 7 years before the notorious Brown vs Board of Education, there was Mendez vs Westminster School District in Orange County, CA. The cases are similar, as both are about the desegregation of schools and were both successful, but Mendez was about the segregation of Mexican American school children and Brown was about black children. Mexican Americans were considered white at the time, and were normally unaffected by the legal segregation that separated black students. The Puerto Rican Mendez family moved to Orange County and found that their children were forced into a language based “Mexican School”, because it was thought that Mexican students had special needs purely because Spanish was their first language. The Mendez case was crucial in helping to discover ideas and legal analysis that would later be used in arguing the Brown case, and  Thurgood Marshall, who was involved in the defense of Mendez, successfully argued for the Brown case before the Supreme Court and eventually became the first black Justice on the Supreme Court. ]]> 2021-02-05 17:26:08 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169341528 1967- Brown Berets smei1 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169341967 David Sanchez found the Brown Berets, a social justice organization for Latin Americans. He decided to create the organization based on his run-ins with the LAPD in 1966. The organization was part of different Latinx social justice organizations that gave way to the Chicano Movement of 1968. Latin Americans faced much discrimination from the police and faced police brutality. The organization moved around to hide their location from the police. In 1967, they had their first protest in East L.A. for the killing of Latino men.The organization also fight for the school conditions, the educational system, and illegal occupation of Mexican land.]]> 2021-02-05 17:26:13 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169341967 1965-- National Grape Boycott klally7 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169343328 In 1965, a group of grape farmers in Delano, California began a multi-year protest against unfair working conditions for grape farmers, who were mostly Filipino-American and Mexican. Lead by the UFWOC, the large scale boycotts of non-union grapes led to the creation of a union for farm workers.]]> 2021-02-05 17:26:26 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169343328 1967-- Rodolfo “Corky” Gonzales' Activism for Mexican Americans cnguyen671 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169344484 He founded and lead the group called "Crusade for Justice" with the purpose of promoting Chicano culture and identity. He became a key figure in the Chicano movement. Many who were inspired by Gonzales took to the streets to protest many injustices, as well as a more just appreciation for Chicano culture. Gonzales' activism and leadership shows how members of a underappreciated culture can peacefully seek to protest against their unjust treatment. ]]> 2021-02-05 17:26:40 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169344484 1948- American G.I. Forum and Hector Garcia abeard51 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169346166 Hector Garcia was a Mexican American surgeon and World War 2 veteran. He was a civil rights advocate, especially advocating for the rights of veterans and founded the G.I. forum. Garcia created the G.I. form by recruiting 700 Latino veterans to fight for the rights of Latino veterans. They fought for their rights in Corpus Christi, Texas and advocated how Latino veterans are not cared for and treated equally especially since they fought for America. ]]> 2021-02-05 17:27:00 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169346166 1970 -- Ruben Salazar tson https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169356238 This Mexican activist and reporter was covering the National Chicano Moratorium March (in East Los Angeles) when he was shot and killed by the police. The Chicano Moratorium was an anti-Vietnam War movement. One of their main messages was that they did not need to have affairs in Vietnam since their struggle was in the social justice movement in the US. The War was believed to have a disproportionate amount of Latinos serving and getting killed. During the march, a riot was started when a liquor store called in a complaint about people stealing (the owners later denied contacting the police). When deputies responded, a fight broke out and soon turned into a riot, and then Salazar, who just came to drink, was shot by a tear gas projectile and died instantly. It is to be noted that this type of tear gas was not intended to shoot people but rather pierce 10-inch walls (in situations of barricades). His death caught the eyes of many activists since it happened due to whom they felt was a large cause to the marginalization of Chicano communities.]]> 2021-02-05 17:28:57 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169356238 1953-1958-- US Immigration Services Mass Arrest and Deportation of Latin Americans icessa https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169399364 In the 1940s and 1960s, millions of Latin AMericans entered the United States legally through work programs. Others did not enter legally and also sought work. States soon became dependent on their work. In the 1950s, some states refused to participate in these work programs and many people already residing in the United States were becoming angry with the arrival of the immigrants. In 1953, the United States government introduced and enforced “Operation 🤬”, which led to the arrest and deportation of millions of Latin Americans. They were shoved into boats, buses, and planes and dropped in unfamiliar parts of Mexico. Many died while in custody.

]]> 2021-02-05 17:37:03 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169399364 1970 -- Cisneros v Corpus School District jsargent22 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169399682 This court case in 1970 was on the subject of having Mexican-Americans be recognized as their own race for the first time. After the Civil War, racial categories only included two options: "Caucasian" or "Negro." During this time, Mexicans were classified as white or "other whites." The Cisneros v Corpus School District case fought to recognize Mexican Americans as their own minority group that was often discriminated against. It was started by José Cisneros and a small group of other parents in 1968 when they filed a lawsuit against the Corpus Christi ISD. In 1975 this case caused there to be an entirely new school system made for Mexican-American and Black children in Corpus Christi.]]> 2021-02-05 17:37:06 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169399682 1950s-1960s - Forced sterilization of Puerto Rican Women on the Island nquiles4 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169412297 In an attempt to curb population growth of the island population, the US government implemented policies and programs that sought to sterilize Puerto Rican women. In 1937 law 116 was passed which paved way for large funding to these programs. In the mid 1960s studies were done on the island and about 1/3 of all women said they had been sterilized. Doctors who administered the opertation often coherced women, preformed it unknowingly following childbirth, and gave false information that it was reversible.  Language barriers between some of the administers of the operation and women, gave room for doctors to force them to sign papers in English that they did not understand. "La operacion" as it was so commonly refered to, was promoted as a contraceptive method and promoted by Eugenics boards in the United States. https://www.ourbodiesourselves.org/book-excerpts/health-article/forced-sterilization/ ]]> 2021-02-05 17:39:20 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169412297 1961 - The Assassination of Rafael Leonidas Trujillo lhofmann9 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169418885 Rafael Leonidas Trujillo’s rule as dictator is considered one of the most brutal periods of the Domincan Republic’s history. He took power in 1930 and had a strong hold over the country. 
Those who opposed him were imprisoned, tortured, and murdered and their bodies often disappeared. In 1937, he ordered a massacre of thousands of Haitians living in the country. He favored white refugees over others, and Dominican troops were often ordered to dispel illegal “aliens.” On May 30, 1961, his car was ambushed outside of the Dominican capital. Among the men who planned it were General Juan Tomás Díaz, Pedro Livio Cedeño, Antonio de la Maza, Amado García Guerrero, and General Antonio Imbert Barrera. Hundreds of suspects were detained, and many were tortured. Almost all of the men directly involved were executed. Some have debated if the CIA played a role in the killing. 


]]> 2021-02-05 17:40:32 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169418885 1951 -- "I Love Lucy" oburke31 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169420251 On the January 19, 1953 episode of the CBS show “I Love Lucy”, the main character of the show, Lucy Ricardo gave birth to her child Little Ricky, and at the same time the actress Lucille Ball had her real child, Desi Arnaz Jr. The ratings for the show were through the roof for this episode, it even got more attention than the inauguration of Dwight D. Eisenhower. This was so significant for the Latinx/Hispanic community because Lucille Ball’s husband, Desi Arnaz, was a Cuban-American man. Their marriage and the pregnancy gave such good representation and it’s popularity made it even more significant.]]> 2021-02-05 17:40:49 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169420251 1966--Cesar Chavez leads a 300 mile march for farm workers' rights jlee4117 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169444886
On March 17, 1966 Cesar Chavez led a 300 mile march from Delano, California to Sacramento. It was part of a five year long strike, started by Filipino American farm workers of the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee, who were on strike against grape growers because of low wages and poor working conditions. They had asked Cesar Chavez, the director of the National Farm Workers Association, a mostly Latino union, to join their strike in 1965. The march brought national attention to the cause. It is known for its use of grassroots organizing to gain widespread support, as well as Chavez’s insistence on nonviolence and that the two groups work together, because growers had historically pitted races against each other. After the march, the two organizations merged together to form the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee, which 26 Delano grape growers finally recognized in 1970. 


]]> 2021-02-05 17:45:38 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169444886 1978- A Russian Immigrant Leads a Campaign to End Bilingualism icessa https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169466234 2021-02-05 17:49:50 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169466234 1954 - Hernandez v State of Texas tdang121 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169481907 In Hernandez v State of Texas, the court unanimously ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment applied to all racial and ethnic groups that experienced discrimination. Peter Hernandez, the defendant, was a Mexican agricultural laborer that had arrived in Texas following the end of WWII. He was convicted of killing a man in Jackson County in cold blood. His legal team, the majority of whom were from one of the oldest Latino civil rights groups in the U.S. (the League of United Latin American Citizens) appealed. They looked through records for Jackson County, a location with a predominantly Hispanic population, and found that for the past 25 years, there has been not 1 juror with a Hispanic last name. His lawyers argued that Hernandez was deprived of equal protection due to the discrimination that prevented him from being tried by his peers. This case went to the Supreme court and Chief Justice Earl Warren, on behalf of eight other justices, unanimously ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment protects minority groups beyond the classes of white and black. It was concluded that the Fourteenth was not directed solely against discrimination due to a ‘two-class theory’, in this case it covered those with Hispanic ancestry too. This case not only opened doors for the Hispanic community but also for other oppressed minorities within the U.S. to receive adequate protection under the law.

]]> 2021-02-05 17:52:57 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169481907 1975 -- The 1965 Voting Rights Act extended oburke31 https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169508137 The 1965 Voting Rights Act outlawed practices that were discriminatory in regards to voting, such as requiring literacy tests in order to vote. In 1975, when the act was set to expire, congress, under President Gerald Ford, approved the amendments to the Act which extended it for 7 more years. Added to the Act was section 203, which allowed for bilingual ballots in parts of the country, stating that “it shall provide them in the language of the applicable minority group as well as in the English language." This was of major significance due to its inclusivity of Spanish speaking US citizens. ]]> 2021-02-05 17:58:12 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169508137 1973-- Spanish Becomes Miami's Official Second Language margyros https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169533068 Miami officially became bilingual following a popular vote by its growing Cuban community. Following Liberty City riots, almost 60,000 Cuban refugees came to Miami which led to a divide in Dade county between languages, Spanish vs. English. Dade county, which includes Miami, became officially bilingual and was the first city of such a large size and population to become Bilingual. It was rivaled with many petitions to eliminate the second language from Miami, in order to keep Miami “pure” from Hispanic culture.]]> 2021-02-05 18:03:10 UTC https://padlet.com/freemanjud/kbypjyuiwnf8q98n/wish/1169533068