Gerunds are used in the same way as other types of nouns. That means it can serve as the subject of a sentence, followed by a verb; as a direct object (thing directly acted on by a verb) or indirect object (thing that receives the direct object), or as a subject complement (joined to the subject by a linking verb).

Example:

Playing computer games is one of my favorite hobbies.

Running is an excellent way to stay fit and healthy.

Laughing at jokes and funny things on the Internet makes me happy.

Infinitives are a special form of verb that can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. It means something is the reason for which it is made or done.

Infinitives are formed by adding the word to before the base form of the verb, as in to be, but sometimes the base form of the verb is used alone.

The infinitive has four other forms: the perfect infinitive, the continuous infinitive, the perfect continuous infinitive, and the simple infinitive.

Example:

I need to go on a trip.

It is one of my goals to live a healthy lifestyle.

It's important for me to read and learn more new things.

FANBOYS is an acronym to help you remember all coordination conjunctions.

For because, reason

I was tired the next day, for doing assignments all night.

And 2 similar ideas

I spent the whole day inside due to the rain and I was super bored.

Nor 2 negative ideas

I didn't like the color pink, nor did I like the color green.

But difference, change

My mom cooked dinner but I wanted pizza.

Or choice

Do you want to have Coke or Soda?

Yet difference, change

I studied very hard, yet I didn't get a good score on the test.

So effect, result

It was raining all afternoon so I stayed home and played games.

¥Gerund

_Gerund is noun

_Gerund is subject of sentence

_Gerund is object of verb

Ex:

_she loves swimming.

_i like reading books.

¥ Infinitive: are a special form of verb that can be used as a noun , adjective, or adverb

An Infinitive is a verb which is preceded by "to " and it used as a verb.

Ex:

_ i needed to go shopping.

_ she helped me to understand the lesson.

Topic2: fanboys

_ For : because, reason

Ex: I told her to leave, for I was very tired.

_ And : 2 similar ideas

Ex: I like football, and I like hockey.

_ Nor : 2 negative ideas

Ex: I have neither done the dishes nor I laundry.

_ But : difference, change

Ex: she's 85 but she still goes swimming.

_ Or : choice

Ex: I will eat either a hamburger or a hotdog.

_ Yet : difference , change

Ex: the weather was cold, yet bright and sunny.

_ So : effect , results

Ex: it was still painful so I went to see a doctor.

Gerund is used as a noun.

Gerund is a verb end with -ing.

Ex: swimming, hiking, playing.

Gerund is the subject of the sentence.

Ex: Singing is her favorite.

Gerund is the object of the sentence.

Ex: He love dancing.

Gerund is the object of the preposition.

Ex: He’s responsible for managing the team.

The to-infinitive

Ex: She asked me to bring her a coke.

I planned to study abroad.

The infinitive is used to express purpose.

Ex: To pass the exam, you need to study hard.

To succeed, you have to work hard and smart.

The infinitive has four other forms: the perfect infinitive, the continuous

infinitive, the perfect continuous infinitive, and the simple infinitive.

Fanboys

For: can be use like because or reason.

Ex: She was late, for her car run out of gas.

He missed the bus, for he gets up late.

And: can be use like also. To describe 2 similar things.

Ex: She’s late for today’s class, and maybe late for tomorrow’s class.

I love flowers and pets.

Nor: connect 2 negative sentences idea.

Ex: He’s not a doctor, nor a teacher.

Sandy doesn’t like pizza nor burger.

But: show difference or change between 2 sentences.

Ex: He gets up early today, but he still lates for class.

It’s going to rain, but I forgot to bring the umbrella.

Or: to show choices.

Ex: Would you like tea or coffee?

Are you going to Phnom Penh or Kompot?

Yet: a lot like but. It used to show difference and change.

Ex: They didn’t finish their homework yet.

The order hasn’t arrive yet.

So: opposite of for or because. It’s show the effects, while for and because show the causes.

Ex: We get up early, so we will leave early today.

I don’t like coke, so I ordered juice.

+Gerund is a verb which ends in “-ing” and is used as a noun.

_Gerund as a subject sentence.

Ex: Hiking can be a relaxing and rewarding activity.

_Gerund as a object verb.

Ex: I love cooking.

_Gerund after preposition the gerund must be used when a verb comes after preposition.

Ex: He is avers to smoking.

+Infinitive is a verb which is preceded by “to”and is used as a verb.

_Infinitive after certain verbs some verbs are followed by the infinitive.some verbs are follow by a noun and the infinitive with “to”.

Ex: _She asked Charlie to write to his grandmother.

_He advised her to go to doctor.

_Infinitive of purpose used to impress purpose.

Ex:_Diya went to the door to open it.

_I’m calling to place an order for delivery.

_Infinitive with too and enough

Ex:_I am strong enough to lift that box.

_The box is too heavy for Bob ti lift it.

Describe about Fanboys

_For : because , reason.

Ex: I was late , for my car run out of gas.

_And: 2 similar ideas.

Ex: The oven was still on , and the window was open .

_Nor: 2 negative ideas.

Ex: She didn’t like math , nor did she like English.

_But: differences , change.

Ex: I bought chicken for lunch , but I forgot to buy coca.

_Or : choice.

Ex:We can wait in line for the movie , or we could eat dinner first.

_Yet: differences , change.

Ex: He didn’t want to go the party , yet he actually enjoyed it.

_So: affect , result.

Ex: It was raining all afternoon , so I stayed home and read.

- Gerund: A gerund is a verb form that functions as a noun. It is formed by adding "-ing" to the base form of the verb (e.g., "swimming," "walking," "eating"). Gerunds can act as subjects, objects, or complements in a sentence, similar to nouns.

Example:

- "Swimming is good exercise." (Here, "swimming" acts as the subject of the sentence.)

- Infinitive: An infinitive is the base form of a verb preceded by the word "to" (e.g., "to swim," "to walk," "to eat"). Infinitives can function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs in a sentence.

Example:

- "I want to swim." (Here, "to swim" functions as the direct object of the verb "want.")

For: because, reason

Ex1: he was late, for his motor ran out of gas.

Ex2: she was so tired, for cleaning the house last night.

And: 2 similar ideas

Ex1: the window was still on, and the door was open.

Ex2: I will go to SiemReap tomorrow, and I might go to PhnomPenh the next two days.

Nor: 2 negative ideas

Ex1: I don’t like banana, nor I do like durian.

Ex2: my sister doesn’t know French, nor she does know Spain.

But: different, change

Ex1: we want to play outside, but the weather is not good.

Ex2: my mum wanted to go to the park, but I wanted to go to the beach.

Or: choice

Ex1: you want to go to watch movie, or you want to go eat?

Ex2: my dad might get me an iPad, or he might buy me a laptop.

Yet: different, changes

Ex1: She worked hard, yet she didn’t achieve her goal.

Ex2: I haven’t finished my homework yet.

So: effect, result

Ex1: She studied hard, so she passed the exam.

Ex2: He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.

Ex for gerund: thank you for listening to me. I like watching TV

Ex for infinitive I would like you to do the homework. She wants to be a doctor.

For fanboys is

For: because, reason. Ex today I'm busy, for doing my housework. I am preparing a gift, for my sister's birthday.

And: connected to a similar idea. Ex Tomorrow I will buy a car, and Motorcycle for my twin cousin. I ask him to get the coffee and the tea.

Nor: connected two different ideas. Ex Don't you want to study nor do you want to go home. Doesn't she use drugs nor does she smoke the cigarette?

But: difference a change 2 idea in a sentence. Ex I will finish it but it takes time. I want to go to Siem Reap but my mom doesn't allow it.

Or: choice Ex Do you want strawberry or chocolate? When you grow up you want to be a teacher or doctor.

Yet: like but. Ex I want to buy a new phone and I have no money. I know what it means, yet I don't know how to speak

So: to show effect. Ex the weather is raining so we can go for walk. She's studied hard, so she'll pass the exam.

. Gerund is a verb that end in (-ing) and use as noun.

.The are 3 functions of gerund such as, noun, subject of sentence, object of verb.

.Infinitive is the base form of verb.

Some verbs follow by noun and the infinitive with"to".

. We can use a Gerund and infinitive as the object verbs.

*Example

_Hiking can be relaxing activity.

_She's proud of being a top student.

I'm calling to place an order to delivery.

_I need to go to the park.

Topic2: Describe about fanboys

-F: for :mean that use like the word because or cause or reason.

*Example

. The lady called for security.

. I go out for dinner tonight.

-A: And: used like the word also

*Example

. I study English and Chinese.

. I go to the park and the market.

-N:Nor: the word that can connect to negative sentences or ideas

*Example

.I don't expect children can be rude, nor don't I expect to be disrespect.

. I can't pass the exam, nor I don't study for it.

-B:But:different or change between two sentences or ideas

*Example

. It was fair but unpleasant to hear the description.

. She passed the exam but she disappointed with the result.

-O:or:show a choice between two sentences or ideas

*Example

. You want to go to the movie or stay at home.

. He is a doctor or he is a teacher.

-Y:Yet:different or change between two sentences or ideas

*Example

.He failed the exam, yet he accepted it.

. We want to go out, yet we have to stay at home.

-S:So: it mean effect

*Example

.I know you must tired, so I will let you rest.

. She feel hungry, so she made herself a sandwich.

• A gerund is a word like “swimming , ,running, dancing”. The term refers to the “-ing” form of a verb when it functions as a noun. A gerund usually refers in a general way to the activity represented by the verb it's derived from. Gerund is noun , subject of sentence and object of verb.

  Example: -She is afraid of hiking.

  -Jack taught Sarah how to

  singing.

  -I have always liked Swimming .

• A infinitive is the word like “to” + non-conjugated or base verb (to do, to go, to see). They used often in speech and writing.

  Example: - Dane want to be the Teacher.

  - She went to see the Director .

• FanBoys

  -For: because, reason

  * I was late. My car ran out of gas.

  >I was late ,for my car ran out of gas.

  *She was tried the next day. Her baby cried all night.

  >She was tried the next day, for her baby cried all night.

  -And: 2 similar ideas

  *The oven was still on . The window was open.

  >The oven was still on, and the window was open.

  -Nor: 2 Negative ideas

  *we didn’t like Grammar. We didn’t like Reading.

  >we didn’t like Grammar ,nor we didn’t like Reading.

  -But: Difference, Change

  *I brought coffee for breakfast.I forgot to bring bag.

  >I brought coffee for breakfast, but I forgot to bring my bag.

  -Or: Choice

  * He might get a Ring for her. He might buy a necklace for her.

  >He might get a Ring for her, or he buy necklace for her.

  -Yet: Difference, Change

  *I didn’t study very hard.i got a good score on the least.

  >I didn’t study very hard, yet I got a good score on the least.

  -So: Effect, result

  *it was raining all afternoon.i stayed home and read.

  >it was raining all afternoon, So I stayed home and read.

A gerund is a verb in its present participle form (root verb + “ing”) that acts as a noun in a sentence.

Gerund is a verb that's acting as a noun. By that,mean that the verb the word that describes the action that’s happening, like “biking,” “thinking,” “running,” or “speaking” becomes a thing, a concept that can now be the sentence’s subject, object.

It doesn’t stop being a verb, but the role it plays in a sentence shifts from describing the action to being a focal point.

Types of gerunds:

There are 2 types of gerund

* Subject: is more common than that of the to infinitive.

Example:

1 Biking is my newest hobby.

2 My preferred commuting method is biking.

3 Eating is an involved production for Shoshanna.

*Object : clause can be the object of verb.

Example:

1 My sister gave biking a try.

2 See myself biking every day.

3 Blocked out a few hours this Sunday for biking.

*An infinitive is the word “to” + a verb’s root. There are two ways you can ususe an infinitive: as a noun that communicates a single concept and as an adjective to describe a noun within the sentence.

Example:

1 hope there are magazines to read in the waiting room. (adjective)

2 I brought us some lemonade to drink with lunch. (adjective)

3 To err is human. (noun)

4 We love to travel, but we couldn’t afford it last year. (noun)

Topic 2: FANBOYS

For: because, reason

And:to similar ideas

Nor: 2 negative ideas

But: different, change

Or: choice

Yet: different, change

So: affects, results

For: use to give reason or something.

Ex:I will not join the contest, for I am not good at feature writing.

And: is a word that can connect similar things sentence or ideas.

Ex:The even was still on ,and the windows was open.

Nor: is a word that can connect to negative sentence or ideas.

Ex:She didn't like math, nor did she like English.

But: is a word that can show a different or a change between two sentence or ideas.

Ex: I bought fish for dinner, but I forget to buy vegetable.

Or:is a word that can show a choice between to sentence and ideas.

Ex:We can wait in line for the movie,or we could eat dinner first.

Yet:is a word that it a lot like but it can show a different or a change.

Ex:They didn't want to go to the party, yet he actually enjoyed it.

So:is a opposite of for or because .For and because show the cause,So show the effects.

Ex: It was raining all afternoon,so I stayed home and read.

Gerunds are words that are formed with verbs but act as nouns.

Subject gerunds: Gerunds often serve as the subject of a sentence:

For example: Reading books entertains her.

:Brushing your cats keeps them happy and healthy.

gerund is a verb +ing that acts as a subject or object in a sentence

Object gerund:

Example: He enjoys running.

:My sister avoids cooking.

Infinitives are a special form of verbs that can be used as a nouns, adjectives, or adverb.

infinitive verb is the word "to" + a non-conjugated verb (base verb).

infinitive verbs are to be, to do, to see, to eat, and to wear.

Example: I don't know what to do.

: He went to see the doctor.

Topic 2:

FANBOYS is a mnemonic device, which stands for the coordinating conjunctions: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, and So.

For: because reason

Example: I was late for my car and ran out of gas.

And: 2 similar ideas

Example: The cover was still on and the window was open.

Nor: 2 negative ideas

Example: She didn’t like math nor did she like English.

But: different ideas

Example: I bought fish for dinner but I forgot to buy vegetables.

Or: choices

For example: we can wait in line for the movie or we could eat dinner first.

Yet: different changes

Example: I didn’t study very hard yet I got a good score on the test.

So: effect results

Example: He was really hungry after school so he ate a lot of snacks.

Pha Maryna Ry Lyphinh Ung Aliya

Topic : Preference: Prefer, Would prefer, Would rather

•Use “Prefer, Would prefer and Would rather”

lo talk about things or activities that you like better than other things or activities.

Ex: -we usually prefer Italian food.

-I’d prefer to have Chinese food tonight.

-I’d rather cook at home

I.Prefer, Would prefer

•usages

a. We often use prefer to express a general

preference.

Ex: which do you prefer-action movies or romantic comedies?

b. “Prefer, Would prefer ” may be followed by a noun, a gerund or an infinitive.

Ex: - Jeffrey usually prefers comedies. (Noun)

-Right now, he'd prefer a thriller.(Noun)

-Does Kyle prefer reading magazine?(Gerund)

-Would he prefer watching a movie?(Gerund)

Note: Would prefer+ infinitive is more common than would prefer+ gerund

Ex: -Kathleen prefers to read magazines. (Infinitive)

-She would prefer to watch TV tonight.

c. A comparison with to can follow “prefer /Would prefer+ noun”

Ex: Lani prefers comedies to thrillers.

She'd prefer Life to Crash.

d. A comparison with to can also follow “prefer/would prefer + gerund”

Ex: l prefer visiting friends to going to parties.

Tonight I'd prefer visiting Lani to going to the office party.

•Form

-S+prefer/would prefer+Noun/Gerund/Infinitive

Ex:I prefer TV news.

She prefers watching the news.

We wouldn’t prefer to watch the news

-Yes/No questions

Do/Would+S+prefer+Noun/Gerund/Infinitive

-Short answers

•Affirmative: yes,+S+do/does/would

•Negative: No,+S+don’t/doesn’t/wouldn’t

II would prefer

Form: would prefer+subject+to verb

Ex:I would prefer you to cook.

Form: would prefer it if + past simple

Ex:I would prefer it if you cooked.

Form: would have preferred to verb

Ex: I would 've preferred you to take me to the Eiffel tower.

III.would rather

*Form:Subject + would rather + base form verb

*Contraction: would rather = ‘d rather

✓Yes / No question

•Would + subject + rather + base form verb

Short Answers

✓Affirmative

*Yes, I would

*Yes, she would

✓Negative

*No, I’d rather not.

*No, she’d rather not.

Ex: I would rather watch the news.

Here are the rules for using would rather, would prefer and prefer correctly. The first table looks at how we can express specific preference; the second shows us how to express general preference.

IV.Prefer, would rather:expressing general preference

Meaning:When we talk about general preferences, we can use prefer or would rather. The meaning is the same.

Ex:

- I prefer walking to cycling.

- I would rather walk than cycle.

Form:

*After prefer we use the verb in the -ing form.

*After would rather we use the infinitive without to.

Ex:

- I prefer using a keyboard to writing with a pen.

- I would rather use a keyboard than write with a pen.

Form:

*We say: prefer . . . to . . .

*We say: would rather . . . than . .

-I prefer walking to driving.

-I would rather walk than drive.

V.Would prefer, would rather: expressing specific preference

Meaning:When we speak about a specific preference, would rather and would prefer have the same meaning and are interchangeable.

Ex:

-We went to the theatre yesterday. Today I would rather go to the cinema.

-We went to the theatre yesterday. Today I would prefer to go to the cinema.

From:Would rather can be abbreviated to 'd rather.

Would prefer can be abbreviated to 'd prefer.

Ex:

I'd rather go to the cinema.

I'd prefer to go to the cinema.

Form:

Would rather is followed by the infinitive without to.

Would prefer is followed by to + infinitive or a noun.I'd rather have fruit juice.

Ex:

I'd prefer to have fruit juice.

I'd prefer fruit juice.

We use a past tense after would rather when we speak about the actions of other people, even though that action may be in the present or future.

Ex:

-I'd rather you take a taxi (instead of walking) – it's not safe on the streets at night.

-The film is quite violent. I'd rather our children didn't watch it.

Form:

We say: would rather . . . than

We say: would prefer . . . rather than / instead of

-It's such nice weather – I'd rather sit in the garden than watch TV.

-It's such nice weather – I'd prefer to sit in the garden rather than watch TV.

Meas Chakriya, Blong Maroza, Ean Thymanita

Have to

we used to have to talk about rules and obligations, something that is necessary.

Ex: -I have to get to work before 7 AM tomorrow.

      -The car broke down and we had to call a taxi.

Don’t have to

  If you don’t have to do something, it means that you don’t need to do something (there is no obligation). You can do it but you don‘t need to do it if you don’t want to do it.

Ex: -You don’t have to pick up me at the station. I can take a taxi. (=You can pick me up, but you don’t need to do it).

Have to/don’t have to

Use do and did in negative and questions.

The verb has to have to be not an auxiliary verb.

Use do/don’t, does/doesn’t, did/didn’t in questions and negative sentences in present and past.

Ex: -Do you have to get up early tomorrow?

-Did you have to buy a new sound card?

-We don’t have to stay until the end.

No contraction

The verb have in have to cannot be contracted to

Ex: -I’ve to study for the exam tomorrow.✖️

-I have to study for the exam tomorrow.✔️

Modals-“must” and "must not" we can use must and must not to talk about rules and obligations.

Must is a modal verb, which means it does not show an action like most verbs. Instead, we use it to show two things, necessity or possibility.

Must

_use: We can use “must” in about something we need to do.

Form : subject + must + verb

Ex: _ I must do my homework.

       _ We must wear our school uniform.

Must not

_use: We can use “Must not” to talk about things we need to avoid doing.

Form : Subject+ must not + verb

Ex: _ You must not be late for class.

       _ We must not speak when the teacher’s speaking.

Can’t is the negative form of can. Can't is a construction of cannot, and it’s best suited for informal writing. Can't is often used when we think that something is impossible at the present moment.

Ex: I can’t hang out with you tonight.

We can’t talk about abilities in the present.

Ex: I can’t swim.

I can’t speak Japanese.

We use infinitives without to after can and can’t.

Ex: They can’t play the guitar.

We can’t play piano.

Note: we often use can’t instead of must not to express prohibition in spoken English.

Ex: You can’t drive without wearing a seatbelt.

PREK YON CHHOEUN PICH PONLEU LUON LEAKENA

Expectations: be supposed to

Be supposed to" is one of the most common English phrases. But what does it mean? And how do you use it?

In general, this short phrase is all about expectations and intentions. If something or someone is expected to be or act in a certain way, they are supposed to be that way or act in that way. To make things clearer, we're going to look at some of the different situations where "be supposed to" is used, and we'll look at a lot of common examples.

Grammar note: "Be supposed to" is typically used in the present simple and the past simple, though it can be used in the present perfect and in continuous forms as well .  The "be" is always conjugated based on its subject (I am supposed to, I was supposed to, he is supposed to, she was supposed to, etc.). Finally, "be supposed to" is always followed by a bare infinitive verb. For example, "We were supposed to be at the doctor's office 20 minutes ago."

From: subject+be+supposed to+verb.

Ex: we're supposed to go to school.

Ex: They were supposed to get there by 6:00, so they took a taxi.

Ex: we're supposed to have finished homework now.

Sometimes be supposed is like the word should

For example:

You should eat donuts.

You are supposed to eat a donut.

Topic2: Necessity

Topic3: Expectation

• What is conjunction adverbs?

Conjunctive adverbs are parts of speech that are used to connect one clause to another. They are also used to show sequence, contrast, cause and effect, and other relationships.

• The usage of conjunction adverbs

_ Conjunctive adverbs belong to the family of words known as connectors; they are a type of sentence adverb used in order to express a particular relationship between a first clause and a second clause that follows.

_ In most cases, the two clauses will be separated by a semi-colon (;) .

_ We don’t usually use conjunctions to start sentences when we’re writing, but people do when they’re speaking.

* We use “because” for giving reasons, so, for talking about results or purposes.

Example:

- I'd like to see that Irish band, because Celtic music is pretty cool.

-Michael went to the forest because he loves walking among the trees.

- He couldn’t go out because of the rain.

* We use “although” for unexpected or different information.

Example:

- Although he doesn’t like camping, he goes to lots of music festivals.

- He goes to lots of music festivals, although he doesn’t like camping.

* We use “even though” precedes a true statement followed by an apparent contradiction or something that conflicts with the first part of the sentence.

Example:

- Even though the sky was clear, I felt raindrops on my face.

- She didn't get the job, even though she had all the required qualifications.

*we use “However” as an adverb, the word however can be used in different places in a sentence. Typically, when used in this fashion, the word means "in whatever way," "as much as a person desires," or "by whatever means possible.

The placement of the word however in a sentence will depend on how the term is being used. When however is used as a conjunctive adverb, the word is preceded by a period or a semicolon, and it is immediately followed by a comma.

Here's an example:

- Kate enjoys eating raw vegetables; however, she doesn't like them cooked.

- I wanted to go to the beach,however, it started raining.

*we use “therefore” to talking about the result of something.Therefore is an adverb that means as a consequence, as a result, or hence.

- Jakob has studied every night for a week. Therefore, he should get a good grade on the test.

- I washed my hands, therefore, my hands are clean.

*we use “meanwhile” in English, it means that things happened at the same time, or refers to things that happened after an intervening space of time. Confusing? Check out the next section.

English connector words like meanwhile show a logical relationship between events, thoughts and clauses.

# When meanwhile means that things happened at the same time:

-I was working at a restaurant, meanwhile my wife was going to university.

-The United States elected a new president, meanwhile the whole world was having problems.

-Jim is married to Beth, meanwhile he speaks to Anne everyday.

# When meanwhile refers to things that happened during an intervening space of time:

-Beth has moved to Chicago. Anne has meanwhile found a new boyfriend.

-I quit school 3 months ago. I have meanwhile been offered 3 job.

Note that in these two sentences you can replace meanwhile with “since” and get the same meaning.

May

• Present Possibility: We use May when we want to express something possible at the present moment or in the future.

  Example: We may go to the beach if it’s sunny.

• Permission: We also use May to ask for or give permission.

  Example: You may leave early if you finish your work.

Might

• Past Possibility: We often reserve might for situations where we’re referring to a hypothetical situation in the past.

  Example: We might have gone to the beach, but it was raining.

• Lower Probability: Might can also indicate a lower probability of something happening compared to may.

  Example: I might try that new restaurant—there’s only a slim chance I’ll go.

The Differences between may & might

Both may and might refer to an event that is possible or probable to happen. However, the first difference is that may should be used when you are talking about a possible event or an event that could be factual. In contrast, might refers to events that are hypothetical or possible but very unlikely.

Could

• Could is originally the past form of can, but it also has certain functions which can does not, for example, it is used in hypothetical conditions.

  Examples:

1. She can speak English very well. (ability)

2. I could ride a bike, but I couldn’t swim when I was seven years old. (ability)

3. You can have a coffee break after you type these letters. (permission)

4. Could I have some more salad with the meat? (request)

• As the past form of can, could is used for general ability in the past and in reported speech.

  Examples:

1. When she was younger, she could work for ten hours without stopping.

2. He said he could get his wife to come to the football with us.

• In requests, orders and suggestions, could is more polite than can.

  Examples:

1. Can I use your phone?

2. Could you please do me a favor?

3. Do you think you could help me for a few minutes?

4. Do the washing first, then you can clean your room.

• When we ask for permission, could is more polite than can. Could it not used to give or refuse permission:

  Examples:

1. Can/Could I ask you something? – Yes, of course you can.

2. You can go now if you want to.

3. Can I stay here for another hour? – No, I’m afraid you can’t.

Write a personal statement for a job application

At least 250 words to 300 words!!!

Paragraph 1: write a personal introduction

• reflect your personality why you are interested in the job

• use a strong sentence to mention the most relevant aspect of your personality and interests in the role of the company

• mention that your learning program or school align with your passion

Paragraph 2: Expand on your educational background, Skills, Interest

• write your background of education

• write your achievements and experience

• write your relevant skills and talent

• write what you would bring to the organization

• write your professional or academic goal

Paragraph 3: Write a strong conclusion

• extension of your professional goal

• summary of your statement

• link back to your introduction

• Use this cover page as an official model for doing your assignment,

• Convert this cover page into an English version

In your assignment body has to follow the above format, if not your assignment will be rejected. Thanks!

✓USAGE NOTE: You use must to indicate that you think it is very important or necessary for something to happen.

Form

✓Affirmative

•S + Must + Verb1 (base verb)

Example

_ I must go home.

_ They must save money.

_ He must wear a helmet while biking.

✓Negative

•S + must + not + Verb1 (base verb)

Example

_ You must not drink alcohol.

_ You mustn’t tell him.

_ She must not come.

✓Question

•Must + S + Verb1 (base verb) ?

Example

_ Must I go?

_ Must she come?

_ Must he do that?

✓Short answer

•Yes, S + must.

•No, S + must not.

II. HAVE (GOT) TO

✓USAGE NOTE: We often use have got to instead of have to in informal speech and writing. We usually contract have or has.

Affirmation

• S + have/has (got) to + verb1 (base verb)

_ I have got a book.

_ You have got a bike.

_ She has got a car.

✓Negative

• S + have/has not got to + Verb1 (base verb)

Example

_ I have not got a car.

_ She has not got a cat.

_ He has not got a dog.

✓Question

•Have/Has + S + got + Verb1 (base verb)

_ Have you studied English?

_ Has he finish his homework?

_ Has it started?

✓Short answer

•Yes, S + have/has.

•No, S + have/has not.

III. MAY

Definition:is generally used for things that are more likely or possible.

Usage:It used to ask for permission (politely!).

Might: is used for things that are less likely or possible.

Form

✓Positive

•S+may+base form+obj

_ I may go home

_ She may dose her homework to night

_ you may go home early

✓Negative

S+May+not+base verb+ obj

Example

_ She may not drink the alcohol.

_ They may not play game in the class

_ I may not bring my laptop come to school.

✓Question

•May+S+base verb+Obj

_ May I go to the bathroom please?

_ May you buy me a sandwich please?

_ May she join my team?

IV. Might

✓Positive

•S+might+base verb+Obj

Example

_ You might surprise yourself at how much you enjoy it!

_ We might go to the park later, if it stays sunny.

_ You might just find the perfect gift on sale!

✓Negative

•S+might+not+base verb+ Obj

_ We might not take a different route home today.

_ she might not take the money from her mother

_ I might not go home until I finish my work

✓ Question

•Might+S+base verb+Obj

_ Might we go to the park later, or would you prefer the movies?

_ Might you repeat those instructions one more time?

_ Might I borrow a cup of sugar?

✓For short form is

_ May not = mayn't

_ Might not =mightn't I.

V. COULD

✓Definition:Could" is a modal verb used to express possibility or past ability as well as to make suggestions and requests. "Could" is also commonly used in conditional sentences as the conditional form of "can."

✓Using "Could" in Present, Past, and Future:

••Most modal verbs behave quite irregularly in the past and the future. Study the chart below to learn how "could" behaves in different contexts.

EX:

_ John could be the one who stole the money.

_ John could have been the one who stole the money.

_ John could go to jail for stealing the money.

1. COULD CONDITIONAL

Usage: We used to express possibility . Something that could happen is not necessary something that must happen.

_ If I had more time, I could travel around the world.(Present)

_ If I had had more time, I could have traveled around the world.(Past)

_ If I had more time this winter, I could travel around the world.(Future)

2. COULD SUGGESTION

Usage:We use could to make suggestions _ NO PRESENT FORM

_ You could have spent your vacation in Hawaii. (Past)

3 You could spend your vacation in Hawaii.(Future)

3. COULD PAST ABILITY

_ I could run ten miles in my twenties.

_ I could speak Chinese when I was a kid.

•NOTE: "Could" cannot be used in positive sentences in which you describe a momentary or one-time ability.

×Yesterday, I could lift the couch by myself.

Not Correct

4. COULD POLITE REQUEST

Usage:We use could a polite request way of telling or asking someone to do something:

_ Could I have something to drink?

_ Could I borrow your stapler?

_ Could you take a message, please?

NOTE:Requests usually refer to the near future.

VI. CAN

✓Definition:Can't” is a contraction of “cannot” and is spelled with an apostrophe between “can” and “t.”

✓ It is used to express that someone is unable to do a task.

From

•Sub+can+not+base form of verb+obj

_ If I drink too much coffee, I can't sleep.

_ I can't afford to buy a house.

_ The hole is so deep you can't see the bottom.

- "Prefer" is used to express a choice between two or more options.

Example: I prefer tea to coffee.

They prefer to travel by train instead of by plane.

- "Would rather" is used to express a preference for one option over another. Example: I would rather go for a walk than watch TV.

I would rather stay home and relax than go out to a party.

2. Necessity:

- "Have got to" and "must" are used to express something that is necessary or required.

Example: I have got to finish my homework before going out.

I have got to finish this report by tomorrow.

- "Don't have to" is used to express lack of necessity or obligation.

Example: You don't have to come if you don't want to.

You don’t have to attend the meeting if you are busy.

- "Must not" and "can't" are used to express prohibition or strong advice against doing something.

Example: You must not smoke in here.

She must arrive at the airport at least 2hours before her flight.

You can't park here.

I can’t attend the party tonight.

3. Expectation:

- "Be supposed to" is used to express an expectation or assumption about something that is likely to happen.

Example: She is supposed to arrive at 9:00.

We are supposed to meet for lunch tomorrow .

In my reflection, after I learned the grammar aspect I was able to get more meaningful practice in my daily communication, especially the use of "would rather, prefer, or be supposed to"...................(writing reflection means to express your understanding of the lesson.)

+Prefer,Would prefer : We often use prefer to expect a general preference.

* Example: which do you prefer-action movie or romantic comedies?

+Prefer,Would prefer: may be followed by a noun,a gerund or an infinitive.

* Example: Jeffrey usually prefers comedies.(Noun)* Example: Would he prefer watching a movie.(gerund)

- A comparison with to can also follow”prefer/would prefer + gerund”

* Example: I prefer to visiting friends to go to parties .

+ Would prefer

* Example: I would prefer you to cook.

* Example: I would prefer you to cooked.

* Example: I would’ve preferred you to take me to Eiffel Tower.

+ Would ratherContraction: would rather =‘d

* Example: I would rather watch the news.

+ Prefer,would rather:expressing general preference

- Meaning : when we talk about general preferences, we can use prefer or would rather . The meaning is the same .

* Example: I prefer walking to cycling.

*After prefer we use the verb in the -ing form.

* Example: I prefer using a keyboard to writing with a pen.

+ Would prefer,would rather: expressing specific preferences

- Meaning: When we speak about a specific preference, would rather and would prefer have the same meaning and are interchangeable.

* Example: We went to the theater yesterday. Today I would rather go to the cinema.

+Use “Prefer,would prefer and would rather” to talk about things activities that you like better than other things or activities.

Topic 2 : Necessity

+ Have got to: we used to have to talk about rules and obligations, something that is necessary.

* Example: I have to get to work before 7AM tomorrow.

+ Don’t have to : It mean that you don’t need to do something(there is no obligation).You can do it but you don’t need to do it if you don’t want to do it.

* Example: You don’t have to pick me up at the station. I can take a taxi .

+ Have got to / Don’t have to : use to do and did in negative and questions.

- use : do/don’t, does/doesn’t,did/didn’t in questions and negative sentences in present and past.

* Example:Did you have to buy a new sound card?

* Example:We don’t have to stay until the end.

+Must : We can use “must” in about something we need to do .

* Example: I must do my homework.+Must not : We can use “must not” to talk about things we need to avoid doing .

* Example: You must not be late for class.

+Can’t :Is often used when we think that something os possible at the present moment.

* Example: I can’t hang out with you tonight.

Topic 3 : Expectation

+ Expectations: be suppose to be suppose to “ is one of the most common English phrases.

+Grammar note :” Be suppose to” is typically used in the present simple and the past simple, though it can be used in the present perfect and in continuous form as well.

* Example:We’re supposed to have finished homework now.

"Prefer" and "would rather" are both expressions used to indicate a preference for one option over another. However, they are often used in slightly different contexts:

1. Prefer: This is a verb indicating a choice between two or more options.

For example: "I prefer tea over coffee."

2. Would rather: This is a modal verb followed by an infinitive and expresses a preference in a more hypothetical or conditional way.

For example: "I would rather go for a walk than watch TV."

While both convey preference, "would rather" often implies a stronger preference or a specific choice between two options.

Topic2: necessity: have(got) to, don’t have to, must,must not, can

1. Have (got) to: This expresses an obligation or requirement.

For example: "I have to finish my homework before dinner." "Got" is often used in spoken English, especially in informal contexts: "I've got to leave early tomorrow."

2. Don’t have to: This indicates lack of obligation or requirement. It means something is optional.

For example: "You don't have to attend the meeting if you don't want to."

3. Must: This also expresses obligation or necessity, but it's often used for rules or regulations.

For example: "You must wear a seatbelt while driving."

4. Must not: This expresses prohibition or something that is not allowed.

For example: "You must not smoke in this building."

5. Can: While "can" primarily expresses ability, it can also convey permission in certain contexts.

For example: "You can park your car here during the day."

Each of these modal verbs is used to convey different degrees and types of necessity or lack thereof in English sentences.

Topic3: Expectation: be suppose to

"Be supposed to" is a phrase used to indicate an expectation or requirement. It suggests that something is believed to be true or assumed to happen according to a plan or norm.

For example:

- "The train is supposed to arrive at 3:00 PM."

- "You're supposed to wear formal attire for the event."

It implies a sense of anticipation or anticipation that something should or is expected to happen in a certain way.

> Definition :

Simple sentences are complete sentences that contain a subject and a verb and express a single complete thought. They typically consist of just one independent clause and do not contain any subordinate clauses or additional phrases.

> simple sentences usage

Sure, here are some examples of simple sentences in everyday usage:

1. She runs every morning.

2. He drinks coffee in the afternoon.

3. My sister sings beautifully.

4.I like to read books.

5.We go swimming on Saturdays.

> simple sentences form

Form : Subject (noun or pronoun) + Verb (+ Object) + (Optional: Additional information)

For example:

• She (subject) runs (verb).

• The cat (subject) sleeps (verb) on the windowsill (additional information).

Compound sentences

> Definition of compound sentences

Compound sentences are sentences that consist of two or more independent clauses joined together by coordinating conjunctions, punctuation, or both. Each independent clause in a compound sentence can stand alone as a complete sentence but is connected to the others to show a relationship between ideas.

> Usage

To use compound sentences:

1. Combine independent clauses.

2. Use coordinating conjunctions (e.g., "and," "but," "or".....)

3. Add a comma before the coordinating conjunction.

4. Ensure clauses relate to each other.

5. Keep sentences concise and clear.

> Form of compound sentences

Form : Independent Clause 1 + Coordinating Conjunction + Independent Clause .

For example:

• Independent Clause 1: "She loves to read books."

• Coordinating Conjunction: "and"

• Independent Clause 2: "He enjoys playing soccer."

> Exercise of simple sentences and compound sentences

Write "S" for simple sentences and "C" for compound sentences:

______ 1. Clocks go forward in the spring.
______ 2.They left earty, so they arrived first.
______ 3. Danny practices the guitar every day.

______ 4. They did not brush their teeth, nor did they comb their hair.
______ 5.This building has several elevators and stairwells.
______ 6. We took the cidy bus, but & was crowded.
______ 7. Some grocery stores are openon Sundays.
______ 8. I did not est any cookies, yet there are none left.

______ 9.The terry does not operate at nighe. ______ 10.He finished his book, and he has nothing left to read.

______ 11.The birds are singing in the trees and the bushes.

______ 12.They do not fear ghosts, nor do they fear monsters.

🌀Complex sentences

•Definition

A complex sentence is a sentence that contains an independent clause (a complete sentence) and at least one dependent clause (a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence). These clauses are often connected by subordinating conjunctions or relative pronouns.

-Subordinate conjunctions: Once, While, Because, if, even if, as long as, although, after

-Relative pronouns: who, which, that, when, where, whenever

•Usage

-we use Complex Sentence when you need to provide more information to explain or modify your sentence's main point and to express relationships between ideas, combining independent and dependent clauses to add depth and complexity to writing.

- You can tell that it's a complex sentence because if you take away the conjunctions and turn it into two sentences, one of the clauses will not make sense by itself.

•Form

-[subordinating conjunction] + [dependent clause] + comma + [independent clause].

-[independent clause] + [subordinating conjunction] + dependent clause].

Examples

1. Even though he was worried, he tried to put it out of his mind.

2. My sister puts on makeup whenever she goes out.

3. If you want me to make dinner, we'll be having pasta.

•Practice

Choose the answer which is a Complex sentence

1. The Pony Express delivered mail in the U.S. before the Civil War, and stayed in business for 18 months.

2. There are many interesting frontier stories about the Pony Express.

3. The Pony Express was a company which delivered the mail in the old west.

4. Many boys learn to play hockey when they are quite young.

5.I have often wanted to drown my troubles, but I can't get my wife to go swimming.

🌀Compound-complex sentence

•Definition

A compound complex sentence is a combination of at least two independent and one dependent clause. It has the features of both a compound sentence and a complex sentence.

•Usage

-The compound complex sentence consists of three parts. There is the compound part which means that two simple sentences are joined together by and or a comma. And the third part is the interrupter or the phrase that is dependent on one of the other parts of the sentence.

-Compound complex sentence used to express multiple ideas and relationships between them in a single sentence, offering flexibility and sophistication in writing.

- You can tell that it's a compound-complex sentence by getting rid of the conjunctions and looking at each clause.

•Form

Has an independent clause and at least two dependent clauses, one of which is joined with a coordinating conjunction and one with a subordinating conjunction.

Example

Independent Dependence

1. I really don't care if you don't like me, for I

independent Dependent

don't spend my energy on things that I can't control.

Independent Dependent

2. You know that you were wrong, and you

independent

can't change

•Practice

Choose the sentence which is Compound-complex sentence

1. After the rain stopped, the sun came out, and we decided to go for a walk because the weather was perfect.

2.I and my sister don't see each other

anymore.

3. She didn't want to go to the dentist, yet she went anyway.

4. She studied hard for her exams, but despite her efforts, she didn't perform as well as she had hoped because she was feeling unwell during the test.

5. The company launched a new product last month, but sales have been lower than expected due to increased competition in the market, which has forced them to reconsider their marketing strategy.

Example

I prefer tea over coffee.

She prefers apples over oranges.

I prefer to watch horror movies over romance.

Necessity: Something that is required or needed.

Example

I must study for the test.

He must finish his homework before watching TV.

They need to finish their assignments by next week.

Expectation: Something that is predicted and likely to happen.

Example

We are expected to meet at 9:00.

We are not supposed to go outside when it is raining.

We are expected to attend the wedding on Monday.

>Use “Prefer, Would prefer and Would rather”

lo talk about things or activities that you like better than other things or activities.

Ex: -we usually prefer Italian food.

      -I’d prefer to have Chinese food tonight.

      -I’d rather cook at home.

🌀Prefer, Would prefer

•Usage

a. We often use prefer to express a general

preference.

Ex: which do you prefer-action movies or romantic comedies?

b. “Prefer, Would prefer ” may be followed by a noun, a gerund or an infinitive.

Ex: - Jeffrey usually prefers comedies. (Noun)

      -Right now, he'd prefer a thriller.(Noun)

      -Does Kyle prefer reading magazine(Gerund)

     -Would he prefer watching a movie?(Gerund)

Note: Would prefer+ infinitive is more common than would prefer+ gerund

  Ex: -Kathleen prefers to read magazines (Infinitive)

        -She would prefer to watch TV tonight.

c. A comparison with to can follow “prefer /Would prefer+ noun”

Ex: Lani prefers comedies to thrillers.

      She'd prefer Life to Crash.

d. A comparison with to can also follow “prefer/would prefer + gerund”

Ex: l prefer visiting friends to going to parties.

     Tonight I'd prefer visiting Lani to going to the office party.

•The difference

  -We often use prefer to express a general preference.

  -We use would prefer or would rather to talk about a preference in a specific situation.

🌀Would rather

•Form

  Subject + would rather + base form verb

•Contraction: would rather = 'd rather

•Yes / No question

  Would + subject + rather + base form verb

•Short Answers

>Affirmative

• Yes, I would

• Yes, she would          

>Negative

• No, I'd rather not.

• No, she'd rather not.

Ex: I would rather watch the news.

>Here are the rules for using would rather, would prefer and prefer correctly. The first table looks at how we can express specific preference; the second shows us how to express general preference.

Topic2: Necessity (have got to, must, don't have to, must not, can’t)

🌀Have got to

•Have got to / Have to: These express an obligation or necessity. They indicate something that is required or essential.

For example:

-I have got to finish this report by tomorrow.

-You have to wear a helmet while riding a bike.

🌀Must

•Must: Similar to "have to," "must" also expresses necessity or obligation. It's often used to convey a strong sense of obligation or a personal requirement.

For example

-I must remember to call my mom later.

-You must be at the airport by 8:00 AM.

🌀Don’t have to

•Don't have to: This indicates the absence of necessity or obligation. It means something is optional, and there's no requirement to do it.

For example:

-You don't have to attend the meeting if you're busy.

-We don't have to worry about cooking tonight; let's order takeout instead.

🌀Must not

•Must not: This expresses prohibition or something that is not allowed. It indicates a strong necessity to avoid doing something.

For example:

-You must not smoke in this building.

-Students must not use their phones during exams.

🌀Can’t

•Can't: While "can't" primarily expresses inability, it can also indicate a strong necessity based on logical impossibility.

For example:

-I can't meet you at 2:00 PM; I have a doctor's appointment.

-We can't leave without our passports; it's a necessity for international travel.

Topic 3: Expectation (be supposed to)

> “Be supposed to" is a modal phrase used to express expectation or obligation based on customary, social, or logical norms. It indicates what is generally expected or assumed to happen in a given situation. Here's how it works:

🌀 Expectation: "Be supposed to" is often used to convey what is anticipated or expected to occur.

For example:

• She is supposed to arrive at the party by 8:00 PM. (It is expected that she will arrive by 8:00 PM.)

• The package is supposed to be delivered tomorrow. (There's an expectation that the package will arrive tomorrow.)

🌀 Obligation based on custom or norm: It can also imply a sense of obligation or duty, typically stemming from social norms or established rules. For example:

• Employees are supposed to dress formally for the meeting. (There's an expectation or rule that employees should dress formally.)

• Students are supposed to submit their assignments by the deadline. (It is expected as part of the students' responsibilities.)

🌀 Assumed or presumed: "Be supposed to" can indicate something that is assumed or presumed to be true based on available information or context.

For example:

• The restaurant is supposed to have excellent seafood.  (It is assumed or rumored that the restaurant serves excellent seafood.)

• The repair work is supposed to be completed by the end of the week. (It is presumed that the repair work will be finished by the end of the week based on the schedule.)

. "Prefer" is used to express a choice between two or more options.

Example: 

1. I prefer this coat to the coat you wear wearing yesterday. 

2. He prefer driving to travelling by train. 

. "Would rather" is used to express a preference for one option over another.After would rather we use the infinitive without "to". 

 Example: 

1. I would rather go by car. 

2. I would rather cook the dinner now. 

. Would prefer: We use " would prefer" to say what somebody wants in a particular situation. 

Example

1. Would you prefer tea or coffee? 

2. I'd prefer to go by train. 

ll. Necessity 

. "Have got to" and "must" are used to express something that is necessary or required.

Example: 

1. I have got to do my exercise tonight

2. He has got to pay his phone bill soon. 

3. He must show his passport at airport. 

. "Don't have to" is used to express lack of necessity or obligation.

Example

1. We don't have to wear uniform when we're working in part time job. 

2. He doesn't have to call his dad after class. 

."Must not" and "can't" are used to express prohibition or strong advice against doing something.

Example: 

1. You must not eating snack in the class. 

2. She must not go out without permission. 

3. She can't leave early. 

4. You can't attend the next class. 

lll. Expectation

. "Be supposed to" is used to be expected to do something. 

Example:

1. They are supposed to arrive tomorrow. 

2. This movie is supposed to earn a lot of money at the box office. 

we have "Prefer Would Prefer and Would rather"

. We use prefer ,would rather ,and would prerfer to talk about things that you like better than other things.

-PREFER

. we often use prerfer to express a general preference. we can use prefer or would rather.

Ex:> which do you prefer-action movies or romantic comedies?

>I prefer walking to cycling.

> I would rather walk than cycling.

-WOULD PREFER

. we use would prefer when we speak about a specific preference, would rather and would prefer have the same meaning and are interchangeable.

Ex:>we went to the theatre yesterday. Today i would rather go to the cinema.

> we went to the theatre yesterday. Today i would prefer go to the cinema.

2 . Necessaity

.we have " Have to, don't have to , must, must not"

-we use have to to talk about rules or obligation.

Ex: i have to get to work before 7:00am tommorow.

-we use Don't have to to do something .you can do it but you don't need to do it if you don't want to do it.

Ex: You don't have to pick up me at the station . i can take a taxi.

-we use must in about something we need to do.

Ex: i must do my homework.

we must wear our school uniform.

-we use must not to talk about things we need to avoid doing.

Ex: You must not be late for class.

we must not speak when the teacher's speaking.

3 . Expecation

Be supposed to

be supposed to is a typically used in the present simple and past simple .

Ex: we are supposed to go to school.

they were supposed to get there by 6:00 , so they took taxi.

1. "Prefer" is used to express a choice between two or more options.

Example:

_ I prefer tea to coffee.

_ We prefer going by ferry to flying.

2. "Would prefer"is used express that thing to happen or be true.

_ I'd prefer to go by myself.

_She'd prefer to drive at night.

3. "Would rather" is used to express a preference for one option over another.

Example:

_ She would rather drive than take the train.

_ I would rather you didn't tell them.

II. Necessity:

1. "Have (got) to" is used to refer to obligations which come from outside the speaker.

Example:

_ You've got to drive more slowly.

_ I've got to pay extra rent now because my friend has left the apartment.

2. "Must"used to show two things, necessity or possibility.

Example:

_ He must work harder

_ I must finish this work today

3. "Don't have to" is used to express lack of necessity or obligation.

Example:

_ We don't have to clean the car.

_ They don't have to eat pizza.

_ He doesn't have to work tomorrow.

4. "Must not "used to show that something is prohibited or not allowed.

Example:

_ Students must not copy their work from the Internet.

_ It's illegal! Children, you must not go in a stranger's car.

5. "Can't" is used to refer to impossible things in the present.

Example:

_ I can't help you right now.

_ He can't come to the phone.

III. Expectation:

1. "Be supposed to" is used to express an expectation or assumption about something that is likely to happen.

Example:

_ She is supposed to be here at 10:00.

_ We were supposed to leave an hour ago.

“Topic1: preferences “

• preferences is the fact that you like something or someone more than another thing or person.

•Preferences usually used in relation to choosing between alternatives.

• we use preferences when it is simply a fact about your likes.

* For example:

-you probably like one style of music more than another style.

-you like one kind of food more than another food.

* Phrases we usually use for general preferences are “prefer” and “like better.” They have the same meaning.

“Topic2: Necessity “

• Something is said to be necessary with the necessity of means when it fulfills the function of means to an end.

• This necessity belongs to the ontological order.

• Necessity of means can be absolute or relative.

* For example:

- Sunscreen is an absolute necessity for the beach.

-food, clothes, and other basic necessities.

• The modal verbs “must,” “have to” and “have got to” show that something is not optional; it is necessary. Must is the strongest and most serious modal verb of the three and is most common in writing

• Necessity modals add a degree of recommendation to an action.

• modal verbs are will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should, must and ought.

*For example:

-The kids must drink water every day.

-My students should do their homework every night.

“Topic3: expectations “

• expectations are your strong hopes or beliefs that something will happen or that you will get something that you want.

• we use expectations when a belief that something will happen because it is likely expectation (of something).

• we use expectations for to find the weighted average of the data in the data set.

*For example:

-I saved the files in the expectation that they would be useful in the future.

-There is widespread expectation that the strike will be settled soon.

-The crowd waited in expectation of her arrival.