Similarities and Differences Between Cholera and Covid-19 in the Philippines: A Timeline by

BEGINNING OR DISCOVERY OF THE DISEASE

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Both diseases originated abroad and quarantine has been strictly implemented

(1902, March 14) - Hong Kong's vessel with Cholera arrived in Manila

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(December 2019 - January 2020): Wuhan Seafood Market, China

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CAUSES: BACTERIA VS VIRUS

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Both are pathogenic

Cholera is caused by a bacteria called Vibrio cholerae

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Vibrio cholerae is a curved, rod-shaped, motile, and gram-negative waterborne pathogen (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2022).

(March 2020): SARS-CoV-2 Infection from one person to another

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The virus can spread from person to person when an infected person:

SYMPTOMS: DEHYDRATION VS RESPIRATORY ISSUES

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Both cholera and COVID-19 can cause similar symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, and dehydration.

PREVENTION: WATER SANITATION VS MASKS AND VACCINES

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Both implemented quarantine regulations to reduce social interactions.

GOVERNMENT/GLOBAL RESPONSE

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Both infected or not bodies are cremated even if asymptomatic or undiagnosed;
implementation of quarantine

IMPACT ON SOCIETY (SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, ETC.)

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Struggling on economic change

DEHYDRATION

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Dehydration due to constant diarrhea (watery stool defecation)
Vomiting

According to Agoncillo and Guerrero, the historians, war-torn communities are dying due to hunger and/or cholera which led to the severity of the symptoms and its persistence to spread nationwide.

First cholera cases were discovered in Farola district near Pasig river

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American troops, infected with cholera, started the spread in the following (Laguna, Batangas, and Tayabas):

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Nueva Caceres, in the Southeastern part of Luzon
Pagsanjan and Majayjay in Laguna
Mariquina valley east of Manila
Coastal towns of (lake) Laguna de Bay

The following causes led to the malignancy of the epidemic:

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Poverty

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Malnutrition

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Poor Sanitation

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Overcrowding in Manila

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(Before 1900s): Quarantine has been implemented due to rampant cases of cholera, smallpox, dysentery, malaria, tuberculosis, and other deadly diseases

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(1902, APRIL 24) American troops sent to guard against infection of the Manila water supply

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However, they are carriers of Cholera, so it spreads rapidly.

(1905) - contaminated/infected food and water supplies

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Supplies of food and water tested positive for typhoid, cholera, yellow fever, and malaria

Sanitation education is being neglected

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Superstitious beliefs and lack of faith in the medical intervention made Filipinos not convinced of the education being provided

(1899-1923): Advancements in public health intervention and sanitation

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Thus, Cholera did not rapidly spread in western Europe and North America (History.com editors, 2023).

(SEPTEMBER AND OCTOBER): Decline in morbidity and mortality cases

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(1914): Evacuating residents from sources of infection

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(1902, APRIL 16): General Malvar surrendered due to the cholera threat, concentration in zones, and scarcity of food supplies

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(1902, NOVEMBER - 1904, FEBRUARY): The total mortality rate in the Philippines is 4,386 out of 109,461

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REFERENCES:

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2024). Cholera - Vibrio cholerae infection. https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html
History.com editors. (2023, March 27). Cholera. History. https://www.history.com/topics/inventions/history-of-cholera
Alanagreh, L., et al. (2020). The Human Coronavirus Disease COVID-19: Its Origin, Characteristics, and Insights into Potential Drugs and Its Mechanisms. Pathogens, 9(5), 331. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9050331
Staff, A. (2021, April 24). A Timeline of COVID-19 Developments in 2020. AJMC. https://www.ajmc.com/view/a-timeline-of-covid19-developments-in-2020
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic. (2024). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/symptoms-causes/syc-20479963#:~:text=COVID%2D19%20is%20caused%20by,infected%20but%20has%20no%20symptoms.
Cascella, M., et al. (2023). Features, evaluation, and treatment of coronavirus (COVID-19). StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/
Advice for the public on COVID-19 – World Health Organization. (n.d.). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public
Country policy responses. (n.d.). https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/regional-country/country-responses/lang--en/index.htm
World Bank Group. (2023). Governance & Institutions COVID-19 Response Resources. In World Bank. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/governance/brief/governance-institutions-covid-19-response-resources

(1902-1904): Secretary Worcester mobilized the razing and moving of civilians to safer areas—detention camp.

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1. Prioritization of Health Response Measures

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To ensure quick, equitable, and effective distribution of the vaccine to the willing members of the population, designated sites such as hospitals, barangays, and malls were used as vaccination sites and making ambulances readily available for the transportation of individuals diagnosed with severe symptoms of the COVID-19 virus.

(2020-2022): The Governance Global Practice

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With its particular objective to lessen the COVID-19’s impact on businesses, jobs, and the most vulnerable members of society.

(1902, APRIL 19): Restrictions to trade and travel have been lifted, but ports in the region remained closed due to cholera.

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2. Agile Treasury Operation during the pandemic

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The government ensured that cash was available to pay for public services, processing, and disposing payments, all while maintaining social distance by encouraging the use of cashless payment options. The high usage of digital wallets and delivery platforms such as GCASH, GRAB, SHOPEE, LAZADA, and FOODPANDA during the pandemic has been a classic example of this approach.

(1902, APRIL 7): Cholera has been discovered in Laguna following suspected cases and death.

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3. Integrity in providing supplies for citizens

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Widespread food distribution has been a priority to address the needs of those who are most vulnerable to catching the virus, including those who may not have adequate shelter, food, water, medicine, or other essential needs.

4. Continuous Learning during the pandemic

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The government implemented online classrooms using applications with features that facilitate real-time updates, assignments, and communication between students and teachers in a simulated physical classroom.

(1899): No rice due to the destruction of irrigation system by the battle between U.S. forces and defence perimeters around Calamba

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Hence, rice is only available from the U.S. commissary.

“Coronavirus”

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The novel coronavirus, commonly referred to as COVID-19, has rapidly spread worldwide, impacting over 200 countries and territories. This virus belongs to the Betacoronavirus group, which includes the virus that caused the 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) outbreak. Due to the similarity, the virus was named SARS-CoV-2.

(1902, MAY): Infected food from Manila was brought to local feasts in Binan

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Origin = Bats

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Genetic analysis indicates that the virus originated in bats and jumped to humans via unknown intermediate hosts in the Wuhan seafood market in China.

Ineffective quarantine regulations

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Coughs or Sneezes

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Releasing droplets of respiratory fluids that land on nearby people's faces, and the infected person's droplets may be inhaled by others.

Physical contact with an infected surface

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The coronavirus can also spread if a person touches a surface that has the virus and then touches their own face.

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Poor economic conditions due to Cholera and famine caused by the intense battles

(1902): The agricultural industry is devastated by the ineffectiveness and lifting of quarantine

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(1902): Strictly implement quarantine

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(2020-2021) Mutations & Symptoms

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Fever or chills, Cough, Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, Fatigue, Muscle or body aches, Headache, New loss of taste or smell, Sore throat, Congestion or runny nose, Nausea or vomiting, Diarrhea

Government order 66 has been appealed to burn cholera-suspected/infected people and/or other objects

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(December 2020) Variant Alpha B.1.1.7

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(December 2020) Variant Beta B.1.351

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(January 2021) Variant Gamma P.1

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(December 2020) Variant Delta B.1.617.2

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(November 2021) Variant Omicron B.1.1.529

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The Philippine Commision government offered $4624.39 to nipa or wooden houses;

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likewise, medical officers were distributed in Lumbang.

Cremation of the infected

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(March 31, 2020) Implementation of Face Shields for Eye Protection

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(MAY 9, 2020) Saliva-Based Diagnostic Tests for At-Home Use

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(July 9, 2020) Airborne spreading of COVID-19

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(July 21, 2020 onwards) Creation of COVID-19 Vaccines

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Personal Prevention Strategies

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Masks — Teaches how to properly place on a mask that covers your nose, mouth and chin.

Outdoors rather than indoors — Avoid the 3Cs: spaces that are closed, crowded or involve close contact in gatherings.

Hygiene — Regularly and thoroughly clean your hands with either an alcohol-based hand rub or soap and water.

Quarantine measures were implemented to disrupt the virus transmission chain, which led to social isolation.

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The pandemic has disrupted students' lives in many ways, causing anxiety for students and parents.

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Financial and economic burdens have had an impact on families, leading to increased dissatisfaction in couples.

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Social distancing has contributed to an increase in violence, bad temper, conflict, theft, murder, suicide, sabotage, and a disregard for the law.

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Fear of these conditions has reduced physical contact between couples, weakening their bonds.

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Restrictive measures, such as travel limitations and restrictions on public transport, have halted daily activities.

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