https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1 en-us 2020-08-22 13:39:38 UTC 2023-01-19 06:07:42 UTC hello@padlet.com tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/692852428 All the processes involved in creating a meaningful patterns out of a jumble of sensory impressions fall under the general category of perception. It is the process through which we select, organize and interpret input from our sensory receptors.
 FACTS
1- Perception is a process
2- Perception is the information extractor.
3- Perception is the preparation to response.
4- Perception involves Sensation
5- Perception provides organisation]]> 2020-08-22 13:40:25 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/692852428 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/692854925 It is defined as the input about the physical world provided by our sensory receptors. 

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SENSATION & PERCEPTION

SENSATION
The study of sensation is concerned with the initial conatct between organisms and their physical environment.
It focuses on describing the relationship between various forms of sensory information.

PERCEPTION
In contrast, study of perception is concerned with identifying the processes through which we interpret and organize this information to produce our conscious experience of objects and relationship among objects.]]> 2020-08-22 13:47:09 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/692854925 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/692859651 The process by which we structure the various inputs coming from our sensory receptors is known as perceptual organization. The Gestaltists asserted that we perceive objects in totality and as whole rather than its constituent parts. The found that individuals tend to organise stimuli into some meaningful pattern or wholes according to certain principles.

PRINCIPLES OF PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION
1- FIGURE & GROUND RELATIONSHIP - A figure is perceived in relationship to its background. 
2- PRINCIPLE OF CLOSURE - According to this principle, while confronting an incomplete pattern one tends to complete or close the pattern or fill in sensory gaps and perceive it as a meaningful whole.
3- PRINCIPLE OF GROUPING - Refers to the tendency to perceive stimuli in some organised meaningful patterns by grouping them on some solid basis like similarity, proximity and continuity;

• SIMILARITY - Objects or events that look alike are usually perceived as a unit.
• PROXIMITY - Objects that appear close to one another are likely to be perceived as belonging to the same group.
• CONTINUITY - Objects are perceived as a unit or group on the basis of their continuity.

]]> 2020-08-22 13:58:35 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/692859651 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/692870383 4- PRINCIPLE OF SIMPLICITY (PRAGNANZ)- The law of simplicity also known as law of GOOD-FIGURE indicates that our mind perceives everything in its simplest form. 
5- PRINCIPLE OF CONTRAST - Our percceptual organization is sharply affected through contrasting stimuli. The stimuli that are in sharp contrast to nearby stimuli may draw our maximum attention and carry different perceptual effects. 

• https://www.verywellmind.com/gestalt-laws-of-perceptual-organization-2795835
• https://www.canva.com/learn/gestalt-theory/

]]> 2020-08-22 14:18:34 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/692870383 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/692883420 It refers to the tendency to perceive the stimuli present in our environment as relatively stable and unchanging even though in reality there may be alterations in sensory information by way of shape, size,colour, brightness or other charateristics. 
It is possible on account of our previous experience, knowledge and familarity with a particular stimuli. 
1- SHAPE CONSTANCY - Tendency of perceiving the shape of familiar objects as relatively stable, constant and unchanging despite the fact that the retinal images vary greatly depending on the viewing angles.
2- SIZE CONSTANCY - Tendency to perceive the actual size of the object no matter the viewing distance. 
3- BRIGHTNESS & COLOR CONSTANCY - Tendency of perceiving the brightness, darkness, or colour of a familiar object as fairly constant or unchanged even if there has been a great change in the intensity of light reflected  from it at different times in different places.]]> 2020-08-22 14:47:25 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/692883420 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/693343875 One way that we perceive depth and distance in the world around us is through the use of what are known as monocular cues. These are clues that can be used for perception that involve using only one eye. 
1- RELATIVE SIZE - An important cue for perception of a familiar object is provided in terms of its known size and the size now perceived through its retinal image. Objects located farthest will appear smaller on our retina and those nearby larger. This relative decrease in the size of retinal image can be effectively used as a cue to judge depth and distance.
2- INTERPOSITION - It refers to a phenomenon in which one object partially blocks the another object lying in the same line of vision. Thus the object which cuts the view of the 2nd object is judged to be at a distant and the 1st object nearer. 
3- LINEAR PERSPECTIVE - It is based on the principle that straightlines appear to merge in the distance and more the lines converge the greater is our impression of distance.]]> 2020-08-23 13:45:20 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/693343875 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/693351789 4- LIGHT & SHADOW - The appropriate distribution of light and shadows is another important cue. Darker shade showing shadow gives perception of depth and distance. The distant object is always darker and the nearer object brighter.
5- TEXTURE GRADIENT - The more densely packed and finer textures gives the perception of distance while the spaced,detailed or rough textures give perception of nearness. 
6- ACCOMODATION - It refers to the movement of our eye muscle to bring desirable changes in the shape of the eye lens(rounder or flatter) in accordance with the distance of the objects in the field of vision. The degree of the intensity of muscle pain or lack of it provide us information about the depth and distance.
7- RELATIVE MOVEMENT- This brings about a visual clue of perception with regards to distance wherein an observer in motion sees objects around move away from position faster than the farther ones.]]> 2020-08-23 14:06:07 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/693351789 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/693359056 Binocular cues are visual information taken in by two eyes that enable us a sense of depth and distance perception.
1- RETINAL DISPARITY - The difference in the image when we look with one eye first and then both of the eyes is known as retinal disparity. Each eye views a slightly different angle of an object seen by the left and right eyes. This happens because of the horizontal separation parallax of the eyes.
2-CONVERGENCE - It refers to the amount of rotation our eyes have to do to focus on an object. Your eye muscles must contract and relax in order for you to focus on objects at different distances. The brain processes these muscle movements into information that is used for depth perception. Binocular convergence is, the amount of inward rotation our eyes have to do in order to focus on an object.]]> 2020-08-23 14:23:01 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/693359056 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/693367089 2020-08-23 14:42:55 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/693367089 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/693368744 It refers to gross misjudgement or false interpretation of reality. False perception and misinterpretation of reality is an illusion.
TYPES OF ILLUSION
1- ILLUSION OF SIZE - This illusion provides false perception of the size of the objects. Illusion is caused on account of the change in the frame of reference  or background.
2- ILLUSION OF LENGTH -The angles at the end seem to lead the eye either inward or outward to create a false impression of length.
3- ILLUSION OF PERSPECTIVE - Far away objects project onto smaller retinal images and are thus seen as smaller than those near by. Inversely, same size objects may appear as different if placed on a persective drawing.
4- ILLUSION OF CURVATURE - It is the result of eye movements and a tendency to overestimate acute angles.
5- HORIZONTAL-VERTICAL ILLUSIONS - The vertical–horizontal illusion is the tendency for observers to overestimate the length of a vertical line relative to a horizontal line of the same length.
6- ILLUSION OF MOVEMENT- The term illusory motion, also known as motion illusion, is an optical illusion in which a static image appears to be moving due to the cognitive effects of interacting color contrasts, object shapes, and position.]]> 2020-08-23 14:47:12 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/693368744 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/706676069 The Muller-Lyer illusion is a well-known optical illusion in which two lines of the same length appear to be of different lengths. The illusion was first created by a German psychologist named Franz Carl Muller-Lyer in 1889.
 
How the illusion works are? 
(i) Misapplied Size Constancy Scaling’ – the arrowheads engage the part of the visual system that deals with depth cues in retinal images, and results in the line with the outward-pointing arrowheads being perceived as longer because it is processed as being further away.
(ii) Conflicting Cues’ – The arrowheads are perceived as contributing to the length of the lines, and the longer overall shape of the line with the outward-pointing arrowheads causes the appearance of greater length of that line.
(iii) Confusion’ – the inter-tip distance between the relevant arrowheads influences perceived length. So, for the line with the inward-pointing arrowheads, the distance between the tips of the arrowheads at opposite ends of the line is shorter than the distance between the tips of the outward-pointing arrowheads of the other line, thus causing the illusion.]]> 2020-08-29 16:22:13 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/706676069 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/706688229 The Ponzo illusion is a geometrical-optical illusion that was first demonstrated by the Italian psychologist Mario Ponzo (1882–1960) in 1911. He suggested that the human mind judges an object's size based on its background.

 How the Ponzo illusion works? 
(i) Linear Perspective Hypothesis- which states that the perspective feature in the figure is obviously produced by the converging lines ordinarily associated with distance, that is, the two oblique lines appear to converge toward the horizon or a vanishing point.
(ii) Framing-effects Hypothesis - which says that the difference in the separation or gap of the horizontal lines from the framing converging lines may determine, or at least contribute to the magnitude of the distortion.]]> 2020-08-29 16:47:07 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/706688229 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/711691213 The Poggendorff illusion is a geometrical-optical illusion that involves the misperception of the position of one segment of a transverse line that has been interrupted by the contour of an intervening structure. It is named after Johann Christian Poggendorff.

How the illusion works? 
One is that our perceptual systems have a tendency to ‘expand’ acute angles—that is to represent them as larger angles than they really are. In the case of the Poggendorff Illusion, the grey foreground rectangle which intersects the narrow straight lines causes the visual system to enhance the orientation contrast between the lines and rectangle—i.e. to ‘expand’ the acute angles at the relevant points of intersection. This, in turn, causes the appearance of a misalignment in the lines.]]> 2020-09-01 13:58:22 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/711691213 tulika_1991 https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/711757039 The Zöllner illusion is an  illusion named after its discoverer, German astrophysicist Johann Karl Friedrich Zöllner.
It is a classic optical illusion where a pattern surrounding parallel lines creates the illusion that they are not parallel. The Zöllner figure is composed of a series of parallel, diagonal lines intersected by a number of short horizontal and vertical bars. The parallel lines appear not to be parallel at all; rather, they appear to converge and diverge from each other.
How the illusion works?
It is possible that the effect can be attributed to the way the brain processes angles. This theory suggests that the brain exaggerates acute angles and underestimates obtuse angles. The brain then adjusts the angles on the transverse lines to create the illusion that the longer lines are slanted. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that the illusion is most powerful at an angle, as perfectly horizontal and vertical lines are more likely to be interpreted correctly.]]> 2020-09-01 14:14:11 UTC https://padlet.com/tulika_1991/k973ojc7ptr3q5r1/wish/711757039