Civil Rights and Civil Liberties by https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq Civics 4th Hour en-us 2017-10-26 15:48:25 UTC 2023-11-22 16:04:03 UTC hello@padlet.com Exclusionary Rule anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/200883857 It is a law prohibiting the use of illegally obtained evidence for a crime. It also prevents the government from using evidence gathered in violation of the U.S constitution. This rule was passed under the decision of Mapp V. Ohio under unreasonable searches and seizures of the 4th Amendment. ]]> 2017-10-26 15:51:49 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/200883857 Establishment Clause anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/200888744 it is a clause under the 1st Amendment where the clause is of "establishment of religion". Such an establishment neither a State or a Federal government can set up at places like church or schools.. Even can't pass laws which endorse or aid religions or prefer one religion over the other. ]]> 2017-10-26 15:58:52 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/200888744 Due Process anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/200888914 This  falls  under  the  fifth amendment and states that no one can be deprived of life, liberty, or property without this process of the law. It states that the government must follow constitutional procedures and processes in all actions against individuals. ]]> 2017-10-26 15:59:07 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/200888914 Double Jeopardy anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/200889068 it  means  the  prosecution  of  a  accused  person  twice  for  the  same  crime  or  offense.  This  clause  in  the  5th  Amendment  is  prohibited  and  prevented  saying  that  " ..... nor  shall  any  person  be  subject  for  the  same  offence  to  be  twice  put  in  jeopardy  of  life  or  limb...".  It  falls  under  the  rights  given  to  the  accused  persons.]]> 2017-10-26 15:59:19 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/200889068 Speech Plus anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/200889265 It  is  also  known  as  symbolic  speech  where  the  ideas  are  communicated  through  the  combination  of  language  and  action. ]]> 2017-10-26 15:59:35 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/200889265 Suspect Classifications anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/200889452 It is a class of individuals subject to discrimination in history. It includes any statue or sign that makes a difference between individuals based on any of the subject classifications. It is considered unconstitutional to create distinctions between persons based upon race, national origin, or religious affiliation through ordinance, regulation, statue or policy. This doctrine has its constitutional basis in the 5th Amendment and the 14th Amendment under Equal Protection Clause applying to both federal and state government. ]]> 2017-10-26 15:59:52 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/200889452 Probable Cause anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/200890802 The  probable  cause  is a reasonable basis to believe a person or premises are linked to a crime. This cause falls under the second amendment that ensures citizens and nation the right to security. ]]> 2017-10-26 16:02:16 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/200890802 Prior Restraint anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/200895434 This  falls  under  the  first  amendment  that  protects  the  possession  of  ideas  in  newspapers,  books,  radio,  television,  etc.  it  means  that  the  government  cannot  censor  information  before  it  is  published  or  broadcast.   
The  American  press  however  is  not  subject  to  prior  restraint  just  like  it  is  in  many  other  countries.  ]]> 2017-10-26 16:09:39 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/200895434 Incorporation Doctrine anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/200898841 The Bill of Rights originally applied only to the national government, but through court decisions, they are incorporated into the states. It means that its protection covers the state laws. ]]> 2017-10-26 16:14:56 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/200898841 1st Amendment anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/200903470 The  first  Amendment  protects  the  civil  liberties  of  individuals  through  freedom  of  religion,  speech,  press,  and  assembly.  it  says  "Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an  establishment  of  religion,  or  prohibiting  the  free  exercise  thereof;  or  abridging  the  freedom  of  speech,  or  of  the  press;  or  the  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assemble,  and  to  petition  the  government  for  a  redress  of  grievances".         ]]> 2017-10-26 16:23:12 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/200903470 2nd Amendment anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/200907616 It  allows  people  the  right  to  bear  arms  for  their  security.  this  amendment  ensures  the  nation  and  citizens  right  to  security.  it  says  "A  well  regulated  Militia,  being  necessary  to  the  security  of  a  free  state,  the  right  of  the  people  to  keep  and  bear  Arms,  shall  not  be  infringed". ]]> 2017-10-26 16:30:51 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/200907616 4th Amendment anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201258808 Under  this amendment the government is no allowed to conduct searches and seizures by limiting its power and protecting the right to privacy. It ensures that no search and seizures may be conducted unnecessarily or unreasonably and authorities must have a search warrant and a specific reason.
 It says that "The right of people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly  describing  the  place  to  be  searched,  and  he  persons  or  things  to  be  seized".   ]]> 2017-10-27 16:00:47 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201258808 5th Amendment anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201262646 This  amendment  offers  protection  for  people  of accused  crimes,  like  no  person  can  be  tried  for  a  serious  crime  unless the  jury  thinks  there  is  enough  evidence,  no  person  will  be  tried  twice  for  the  same  offence,  and  no  person  shall  be  forced  to  testify  against  himself  or  herself.
It  says  that  " No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital,  or  otherwise  infamous  crime,  unless  on  a  presentment  or  indictment  of  a  Grand  Jury,  except  in  cases  arising  in  the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  Militia,  when  in  actual  service  in time  of  war  or  public  danger;  nor  shall  any  person  be  subject  for  the  same  offence  to  be  twice  put  in  jeopardy  of  life  or  limb;  nor  shall  be  compelled  in  any  criminal  case  to  be  a  witness  against  himself,  nor  be  deprived  of  life,   liberty,  or  property,  without  due  process  of  law;  nor  shall  private  property  will  be  taken  for  public  use  without  just  compensation".            ]]> 2017-10-27 16:10:21 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201262646 6th Amendment anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201269989 The  accused  person  has  many  rights  under  this  amendment.  The   right  to  speedy  and  public  trial  by  a  jury  are  protected.  It  provides  for  a  trial  by  jury,  and  the  accused  persons  have  the  right  to  be  defended  by  a  lawyer. it  says  "In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall  enjoy  the  right  to  a  speedy  and  public  trial,  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  State  and  district  wherein  the  crime  shall  have  been  previously  ascertained by law, and to  be  informed  of  the  nature  and  cause  of  the  accusation;  to  be  confronted  with  the  witness  against  him;  to  have  compulsory  process  for  obtaining  witnesses  in  his  favor,  and  to  have  the  assistance  of  counsel  for  his  defense".          ]]> 2017-10-27 16:28:21 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201269989 7th Amendment anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201483431 This  amendment  provides  a  right  to  a  jury  trial  to  settle  disputes  in  the  federal  courts   about  property  more  than  $20. the  judge  settles  the  case  if  both  parties  agree  with  enough  evidence.  It  says  "In  Suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value  in  controversy  shall  exceed  twenty  dollars,  the  right  of  a  trial  by  jury  shall  be  preserved,  and  no  fact tried  by  a  jury,  shall  be  otherwise  reexamined  in  any  court  of  the  United  States,  than  according  to  rules  of  the  common  law".   ]]> 2017-10-29 12:01:25 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201483431 8th Amendment anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201484092 This  amendment  prohibits  excessive  bail,  money  or  property  that  the  accused  person  deposits  with  the  court  to  gain  release  from  jail.  it  also  prevents  excessive  fines  given  by  judges  ordering  someone  convicted  of  crime.  It  bans  severe  punishments,  and  says  that  "Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive  fines  imposed,  nor  cruel  or  unusual  punishments  inflicted".  ]]> 2017-10-29 12:11:44 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201484092 14th Amendment anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201484399 It protects the rights of citizens , by prohibiting a state from depriving a person of life, liberty, or property without the "due process of law". It also says that all citizens have right to equal protection of the law in all states, and prohibits the government, on the basis of race, deny a person's right to vote. ]]> 2017-10-29 12:16:32 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201484399 De Facto Segregation anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201485013 It  is  a  racial segregation in public schools that is made on the basis of fact than by legal requirement. This may not be intentionally to keep races apart, bu as a result of financial crisis or natural conditions. ]]> 2017-10-29 12:25:31 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201485013 Korematsu V. U.S anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201486420 In this the Supreme Court held the American citizens of Japanese descents constitutional during the wartime internment of World War 2. It was a Japanese American citizen who violated the Exclusion order closed all Japanese persons from designating or getting in Military areas. The order that was violated was based upon the Executive Order. ]]> 2017-10-29 12:45:33 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201486420 Seditious Speech anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201488621 It is the speech where there is imminent danger of an overthrow of government. t is simply opposition to government conveyed through speech for which punishment could be given. This speech includes criminal, malicious writings that disrepute government and shows hatred for government making people seditious. In  this  type  of  speech  people  are  urged  to  do  something  than  just  believing.  This  speech  are  the  "fighting  words"  that  are  not  protected  by  the  first  Amendment.   Such  a  speech  that  leads  to  violence  may  be  restricted.  ]]> 2017-10-29 13:15:08 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201488621 Slander and Libel anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201489751 Both  of  these  are  together  known  as  defamation.  The  two  involve  the  communication  of  false  information  about  a  person,  group,  or  any  corporation. 
Libel  is  any  defamation  that  can  be  seen,  that  is  writings,  statue,  paintings,  movies,  etc.  
Slander  is  any  defamation  that  can  be  or  is  spoken  or  heard. 
These are wrongs that harm a reputation , show disrespect, or disagreeable opinions against an individual. ]]> 2017-10-29 13:32:23 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201489751 Mapp V. Ohio anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201556661 In this case in criminal procedure, the United States Supreme Court decided that the evidence in violation of the 4th Amendment, which is protection against "unreasonable searches and seizures" shall not be used in the state law criminal prosecutions. ]]> 2017-10-30 00:09:20 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201556661 Defamatory Speech anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201556857 It is a speech or writing that is done to damage someone's reputation. It usually is saying something untrue or bad that harms the good reputation of a person, group of people or organization. ]]> 2017-10-30 00:11:44 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201556857 Miranda V. Arizona anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201557016 This decision established the exclusionary rule that applied to "improperly elicited self - incriminatory" statements gathered in violation of the 5th Amendment of the rights of accused persons as well as the right to counsel.  ]]> 2017-10-30 00:13:38 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201557016 De Jure Segregation anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201557327 This  term refers to the legal separation of people based on the law as the words mean "according to the law". It is exact opposite of the De facto segregation. ]]> 2017-10-30 00:16:53 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201557327 Bakke Case anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201557666 This  was  a  decision  that  the  Supreme  Court  ruled  in  affirmative  action.  As  racial  discrimination,  Allan  Bakke  was  denied  admission  to  a  medical  school  for  he  was  white   and  the  school  had  black  candidates.  The  affirmative  action  based  on  this  was  held  up  by  the  Supreme  Court. ]]> 2017-10-30 00:20:11 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201557666 Symbolic Speech anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201558128 It  is  a  term  legally  used  to  describe  the  actions  that purposefully  convey  a  particular  message  or  statements  for  people  viewing  it.  This  speech  falls  between  speech  and  actions.    ]]> 2017-10-30 00:25:02 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201558128 Engle V. Vitale anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201558536 It was a case that ruled that it is unconstitutional for sate officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools. This decision was for the violation of the Establishment Clause in the 1st Amendment, where the government prohibits endorsing religion like school prayer or the 10 commandments. ]]> 2017-10-30 00:28:05 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201558536 Brown V. Board anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201559067 In education it was a case that the Supreme Court ruled in which it was declared that it would be unconstitutional for state laws to establish separate public schools for black and white students. It was considered as a racial discrimination. ]]> 2017-10-30 00:32:33 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201559067 Equal Protection anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201559504 It falls under the 14th Amendment of the constitution where it is required that the states guarantee same rights, privileges,  and  protections to people. it protects the equal rights of people by prohibiting the government to make discrimination on the basis of race to deny a person his or her right to vote.     ]]> 2017-10-30 00:36:05 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201559504 Literacy Test anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201560447 Literacy means the ability of a person to read, write, and speak. This tests determines the qualifications of the voter on the basis of his ability to read, write and understand any section of the State or Federal Constitution. This test was first employed as a immigration process implemented by the federal government. ]]> 2017-10-30 00:43:11 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201560447 Affirmative Action anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201561185 It  is  a  act  or  policy  for  people  who  have  suffered discrimination, especially in education or employment. This action was established or upheld by the Supreme Court after the Bakke Case where he was discriminated as White in the medical school of Black candidates and was not granted admission.  ]]> 2017-10-30 00:48:17 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201561185 Jim Crow anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201567755 It was a practice in which the blacks or the African - Americans were segregated in the United States. This term refers to racist laws discriminating against the African - Americans. The blacks were discriminated at public places, public vehicles, and employment. ]]> 2017-10-30 01:30:30 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201567755 Civil Rights Act of 1964 anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201568419 This is a case where the civil rights were established. The US labor law in the United States had outlawed the discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It was a federal action against this discrimination. ]]> 2017-10-30 01:34:32 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201568419 Roe V. Wade anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201569045 The women's right to abortion, prior to the growth of the fetus, that the constitution protects was held by the Supreme Court in this case. ]]> 2017-10-30 01:38:48 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201569045 Dred Scott anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201570101 After the outbreak of the civil war, the Supreme Court had made a controversial ruling where Dred Scott, who was a slave, was declared to be a free man for he lived in a "free" territory with his master. The slaves were not considered as citizens and they were not to hold a legal case against anyone. The Supreme Court had ruled that Dred was not entitled to his freedom just because he was taken to a free state, which led to the civil war. ]]> 2017-10-30 01:44:27 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201570101 Plessy V. Ferguson anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201571566 It  was  a  case  in  which  the  Supreme  Court  had  upheld  the  rights  of  states  to  pass  laws  allowing  racial  segregation  in  public  and  private  places.  The  court  held  the  states  would  require  this  segregation  if  the  facilities  offered  the  two  races  are  equal ,  and  this  requirement  is  the  "separate  but  equal"  doctrine.      

]]> 2017-10-30 01:54:22 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201571566 Gideon V. Wainwright anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201572494 In  this  case,  the  Supreme  Court  has  ruled  that  the  constitution  requires  the  states  to  provide  defense  attorneys  to  criminal  defendants  or  the  accused  person  in  charge  of  a  crime  who  cannot  afford  lawyers.  This  case  began  in  the  year  1961  with  the  arrest  of  Clarence  Earl  Gideon.  
 ]]> 2017-10-30 02:00:02 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201572494 Rational Basis Test anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201573017 This is a test that the Courts used to determine the constitutionality of a ordinance or statue. This test was to make sure that the laws are "rationally related" to a "legitimate" government interest. It basically tests the government's actions. ]]> 2017-10-30 02:04:24 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201573017 Free Exercise Clause anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201574006 It  is  from  the  1st  Amendment,  that  reserves  the  right  of  citizens  to  religious  beliefs  and  to  participate  or  engage  in  religious  rituals  or  activities.  This  clause  is  mostly  based  on  individual  basis  than  collectively  by  group  of  people.     ]]> 2017-10-30 02:11:38 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201574006 Nazis V. Skokie anushkaganu16 https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201575044 In  this  case,   the  United  States  Supreme  Court  held  that  strict  procedures  need  to  be  in  place  to  grant  prohibition on  speech.  Temporary  suspension  denial  was  upheld  after  the  public  demonstration  by  the  National  Socialist  Party  of  America  in  Skokie,  Chicago.  The  party  was  described  as  being  'Nazi  organization',  where  people  or  the  demonstrators    wore  uniforms  with  the  symbol  of  Swastika.  
  ]]> 2017-10-30 02:20:28 UTC https://padlet.com/anushkaganu16/k8kg49trhkaq/wish/201575044