The three main mosquito genera, Anopheles, Aedes and Culex, transmit respectively malaria, dengue and lymphatic filariasis. Current mosquito control strategies have proved unsuccessful, and there still is a substantial number of morbidity and mortality from these diseases. Genetic control methods have now arisen as promising alternative strategies, based on two approaches: the replacement of a vector population by disease-refractory mosquitoes and the release of mosquitoes carrying a lethal gene to suppress target populations. However, substantial hurdles and limitations need to be overcome if these methods are to be used successfully, the most significant being that a transgenic mosquito strain is required for every target species, making genetically modified mosquito strategies inviable when there are multiple vector mosquitoes in the same area. Genetically modified bacteria capable of colonizing a wide range of mosquito species may be a solution to this problem and another option for the control of these diseases. In the paratransgenic approach, symbiotic bacteria are genetically modified and reintroduced in mosquitoes, where they express effector molecules. For this approach to be used in practice, however, requires a better understanding of mosquito microbiota and that symbiotic bacteria and effector molecules be identified. Paratransgenesis could prove very useful in mosquito species that are inherently difficult to transform or in sibling species complexes. In this approach, a genetic modified bacteria can act by: (a) causing pathogenic effects in the host; (b) interfering with the host’s reproduction; (c) reducing the vector’s competence; and (d) interfering with oogenesis and embryogenesis. It is a much more flexible and adaptable approach than the use of genetically modified mosquitoes because effector molecules and symbiotic bacteria can be replaced if they do not achieve the desired result. Paratransgenesis may therefore become an important integrated pest management tool for mosquito control.

• My article mainly emphasize on need,way,issues and probable solutions(like mission 2017 of Genetic modifications in crops and its relation with water security
  
• To begin with, Maize,wheat and rice being very important and highly produced(by statistics) ,should be the primary focus in the development of biotechnology for drought resistance and water efficiency.
  
• Next,the study explains process of genetic modification,Genetic engineering is the process in which either a desired gene of an organism is isolated, spliced out of the surrounding genetic sequence, cloned using laboratory techniques, and inserted into the host organism which is being modified.In this way scientists modify DNA of certain crops to obtain desirable characteristics which wouldn't occur naturally.
  

It is highly controversial topic,genetic modification is emerging technology that, if carefully regulated and tested, could have beneficial effects.

• Secondly, Maize production is highly affected by global warming ,arid climate etc.It has been estimated that 25 percent of maize crop losses may be resolved by genetically modifying maize to be more drought tolerant.Best techniques to engineer a drought-resistant breed of corn affect the crop’s ability to both attain and retain water.Other idea is to increase sensitivity to abscisic acid.Monsanto,identified a gene for drought-tolerance in the plant species Arabidopsis and is contributing to research, Furthermore The gene Arabidopsis HARDY of RICE has the effect of increasing the water efficiency of rice by increasing the rate of photosynthesis and shown 55% greater photosynthesis rate, In addition wheat plant is being modified on particular parts of the plant, such as the root systems, and processes, such as transpiration.Plants of wheat can also be selected for longer coleoptile growth
  

Like a coin has two sides ,Genetic modification has disadvantages too

The Next stage,Issues regarding are Mission 2017 recognizes that genetically modified crops can have repercussions for ecosystems and biodiversity and that multinationals do not have the best interests of humankind at the core of their mission ,Other issues are threatening cross-contaminate surrounding farmlands and natural habitats,affects animal life,seed patenting.Indian farmers are being highly affected by this seed patenting.

• In conclusion,Solutions to these issues as suggested by Mission 2017 is creation of a set of international regulations and guidelines for the introduction of genetically modified crop production(by UN),Protection laws for farmers etc.
  

A)

GM foods are developed – and marketed – because there is some perceived advantage either to the producer or consumer of these foods. This is meant to translate into a product with a lower price, greater benefit (in terms of durability or nutritional value) or both. Initially GM seed developers wanted their products to be accepted by producers and have concentrated on innovations that bring direct benefit to farmers (and the food industry generally).

2)How is a safety assessment of GM food conducted?

A)

The safety assessment of GM foods generally focuses on: (a) direct health effects (toxicity), (b) potential to provoke allergic reaction (allergenicity); (c) specific components thought to have nutritional or toxic properties; (d) the stability of the inserted gene; (e) nutritional effects associated with genetic modification; and (f) any unintended effects which could result from the gene insertion.

3)What kind of GM foods are on the market internationally?

A)GM crops available on the international market today have been designed using one of three basic traits: resistance to insect damage; resistance to viral infections; and tolerance towards certain herbicides. GM crops with higher nutrient content (e.g. soybeans increased oleic acid) have been also studied recently.

4)What further developments can be expected in the area of GM foods?

A)Future GM organisms are likely to include plants with improved resistance against plant disease or drought, crops with increased nutrient levels, fish species with enhanced growth characteristics. For non-food use, they may include plants or animals producing pharmaceutically important proteins such as new vaccines.

A:Crops use 75% of globally available fresh water,at this stage ,where water resources decreased,this amount threatens future global water security.

2)When will this modifications become beneficial to mankind?

A:It is emerging technology if it is carefully regulated and tested.

3)Who are the companies commercializing these crops?

A:Monsanto companies etc are commercializing these modified crops by patenting.

4)Where this genetic modifications lead to(in future)?

A:If used in controlled way everyone gets food,but if commercialization continue, farmers face a serious problem.

5)How is this crops useful?

A:This modification helps to increase productivity using less water.

1)Barta, A., et al. The expression of a nopaline synthase­human growth hormone chimaeric gene in transformed tobacco and sunflower callus tissue. Plant Molecular Biology 6, 347–357 (1986) 2)Beyer, P., et al. Golden rice: Introducing the β­carotene biosynthesis pathway into rice endosperm by genetic engineering to defeat vitamin A deficiency. Journal of Nutrition 132, 506S–510S (2002) 3)Demont, M., et al. GM crops in Europe: How much value and for whom? EuroChoices 6, 46–53 (2007)

4)Muir, W., & Howard, R. Possible ecological risks of transgenic organism release when transgenes affect mating success: Sexual selection and the Trojan gene hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96, 13853–13856 (1999) 5)Sears, M., et al. Impact of Bt corn on monarch butterfly populations: A risk assessment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98, 11937–11942 (2001)

6)United States Department of Energy, Office of Biological and Environmental Research, Human Genome Program. Human Genome Project information: Genetically modified foods and organisms,  (2007)

7)Jesse, H., & Obrycki, J. Field deposition of Bt transgenic corn pollen: Lethal effects on the monarch butterfly. Oecologia 125, 241–248 (2000)

I ,being very interested in my topic searched google.

I came across many websites like ieee.org ,

My sources:

1)http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00220-6

1)http://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/food-technology/faq-genetically-modified-food/en/

2)http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/science/gmfoods/

3)http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/truth-about-gmos?page=2

4)https://classes.soe.ucsc.edu/cmpe080e/Spring05/projects/gmo/benefits.htm

5) Concepts in biology by Eldon D Enger,Fredrick C Ross, David B Bailey (11.3 pg no 236) 13th edition

2. What is your gender? a)Female b)Male

3. When it comes to politics, would you describe yourself as liberal or conservative? a)Extremely liberal b)Moderately liberal c)Slightly liberal d)Slightly conservative e)Moderately conservative f)Extremely conservative

4. What is your current level of understanding about genetically modified foods? a)Low b)Medium c)High

5. Do you consider genetically modified foods environmentally safe? a)Yes b)No c)Unsure

6. Do you believe genetically modified foods can have a negative impact the consumer's health? a)Yes b)No c)Unsure

7. Do you think there is enough information openly available about genetically modified foods? a)Yes b)No c)Unsure

8. Is it ethical that large corporations control (have patents) on genetically modified foods?

a)It is ethical b)It is not ethical c)Unsure

1.Which of the following options best describes your age group?

a)17 or younger

b)18-20

c)21-29 d)30-39 e)40-49 f)50-59 g)60 or older

.

2. What is your gender?

a)Male

b)Female

c)Others

.

3. What is your understanding of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's)? a)High Understanding b)Moderate Understanding c)Limited Understanding d)No Knowledge e)Other

.

4. How often do you buy products that are labeled "certified non-GMO"? a)often

b)very often

c)somewhat often

d)infrequently

e)never

.

5. How likely are you to buy a product whose label indicates that it contains GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms)? a)likely

b)very likely

c)somewhat likely

d)unlikely

e)very unlikely.

.

6. Do you think GMO food products need to be clearly labelled? a)Strongly Agree

b)Agree

c)Neutral

d)Disagree

e)Strongly Disagree

f)Unsure

.

7. What is your attitude toward GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms)? a)very positive

b)positive

c)neutral

d)negative

e)very negative.

.

8. What is your opinion on how GMO's will affect our future?

a)Positive

b)Negative

c)Neutral

d)Unsure

e)Other.

2)DDT: its a colorless,crystalline ,tasteless and almost odorless orgaochloride known for its insecticidal properties.

3)Mutagenesis: its a process by which the genetic information of an organism is changed in a stable manner, resulting in a mutation.

4)Glyphosate: its a herbicide which is used to kill weeds.

5)Phenoytpic trait:it is a trait which can be observed from outside.eg hair color

1)dwindle-diminish gradually in size, amount, or strength.

2)spliced-join or connect (a rope or ropes) by interweaving the strands at the ends.

3)phenotypes-the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction 

4)Incentivize-motivate or encourage (someone) to do somethin

In the United Kingdom to date, four genetically modified food materials have gained full approval and are in commercial use: cheese produced with genetically modified chymosin, tomato paste from slow softening tomatoes, and genetically modified soya and maize. Many others have cleared parts of the UK approval system (for example, clearance for food safety but awaiting environmental clearance for agricultural scale production). These include oil from oilseed rape, starch and oil from maize, oil from cotton, chicory, a slow softening tomato intended to be eaten fresh, and riboflavin from a microbe. In addition, other products granted full approval have not been developed to full commercial scale—for example, genetically modified brewers’ yeast and bakers’ yeast.

Most applications are for crop plants, and the genetic modifications are for commercially important agronomic traits—mostly herbicide tolerance and insect resistance. These agronomic traits are determined by single genes and are therefore easiest to manipulate. In contrast, characteristics such as flavour, texture, and processing qualities tend to be determined by multiple genes and are much more difficult to manipulate.

Future uses:

Despite the technical difficulty, substantial progress is now being made with genetically modifying the compositional and processing characteristics of food crops. For example, oilseed rape can now be modified to produce oils with wide ranging characteristics through selective modification of the length and degree of saturation of the fatty acids produced—fatty acids such as laurate, typical of tropical vegetable oils, can now be produced in temperate oilseed crops. Similarly, the balance of sugar and starch in potatoes, which affects the processing quality of potatoes for snack food production (too much sugar produces a dark, poor tasting product), can also now be modified on an experimental scale.

Modern genetic techniques are being used to identify and manipulate the genes for biologically active components of food crops, such as natural toxicants (for example, potato glycoalkaloids and kidney bean lectin), antinutrients (for example, trypsin inhibitors), and allergens (for example, certain nut proteins). Such developments are at early stages but in the longer term are almost certain to lead to the development of foods that lack these undesirable components.

On an industrial scale, deterioration of fruits and vegetables is a huge problem: for example, the tendency of plant tissue to turn brown at a cut or peeled surface often has to be controlled through the use of preservatives such as sulphite. Damaged cells release the enzyme polyphenol oxidase, which catalyses the conversion of monophenols (released from separate subcellular compartments) to quinones, which oxidise to form brown polyphenolic pigments. However, the gene for polyphenol oxidase has been switched off in experimental studies by genetic modification, blocking this discolouration spoilage. Genetic modification and other molecular and biochemical techniques are being used to completely unravel the biochemistry of fruit and vegetable ripening and deterioration, and many new methods of preserving these foods, without the use of chemical preservatives, are likely to be developed.

Another possibility generating much interest is the use of crops to provide renewable sources of valuable materials such as vaccines, drugs, bioplastics, and other industrial materials. In parallel, cattle and sheep are being genetically modified to produce pharmaceutical chemicals in their milk, so that drugs can be produced much more efficiently and cost effectively. Although full discussion of this is beyond the scope of this article, there is hope that food crops such as banana could be used to produce and deliver vaccines in tropical regions.

.

MOSQUITO VECTOR CONTROL-genetically modified mosquitoes (generally male) which are better in survival than the natural species but are incapable of spreading diseases are introduced into the environment.these modified species compete with the natural species for survival and reproduction and eventually defeat them thus controlling disease spread.

.

BREEDING AQUA-ADVANTAGEOUS SALMON-genetically modified salmon fish which are resistant to diseases and can adopt to any type of water can be used in agricultural irrigation.

.

(genetically modified animals have very limited applications as they are banned allover the world except for research)

AFRICAN BOVINE TRYPANOSOMIASIS-a disease among horned(bovine) cattle spread by tse tse flies mainly in southern Africa.

JUVENILE DIARRHOEA-diarrhoea caused in infants

OOGENESIS-creation of egg cells

ZOONOTIC DISEASE-a disease that usually exixts in animals but can also infect humans

FECUNDITY-fertility or the ability to produce offsprings

MUTAGENESIS-process of altering the genome and thereby causing mutation.

Genetic Engineering has proved itself to be very successful especially in the field of irrigation.one of its greatest possible application can be the breeding of modified salmon fish.

AQUA ADVANTAGEOUS SALMON:-excessive consumption of fish has caused the population of fish to reduce dramatically.it mainly affected the salmon fish as it is the mostly fished specie .other threat to the fish is the increasing population of sea waters and the plastic wastes.as salmon fish is the main food for many species like whales,it affects the overall aquatic fauna. introducing the modified salmon which are better at breeding and survival can reduce the pressure on the natural species .also,these fish which are better at breeding can be highly profitable.so this method both helps environmental balance and also is profitable

ABHIRAM SATULURI

Genetic engineering has in deed been an interesting field of research.The above mentioned procedure "AQU ADVANTAGEOUS SALMON" is great but also we cant deny the fact it has some flaws.

Fish can learn to feed on new prey after leaving hatchery environments. These adaptations could pose a risk if genetically modified salmon were to be released into the wild.

Aquaculture that uses conventionally bred salmon, mostly Atlantic salmon, cultivates the fish in net pens. In North America, this occurs mostly in coastal waters off Washington State, British Columbia and . However, the application for FDA approval of AquAdvantage salmon specified land-based tank cultivation with no ocean involvement.

Critics raised concerns about potential environmental impacts if these fish reached rivers or oceans. Modeled invasion scenarios in semi-natural environments suggest that genetically modified salmon would outcompete wild type salmon. However, the researcher who developed the "Trojan gene" hypothesis frequently cited by critics of this salmon has discounted this scenario and describes it as an "urban myth".,

Whole foods, Traders Joe's, Aldi, and other grocery stores throughout the country have announced that they would not offer AquAdvantage.

AWARI AKHIL

ABHIRAM SATLURI pointed the flaws in genetic engineering but these flaws can be removed with better equipment and more concern.Genetic engineering has a lot of advantages than disadvantages,if implemented in a proper way it would help in the betterment of mankind.Most of the devoloping countries need the advanced genetic engineering not the outdated methods.

Why i think my team will be sucessful?

Genetic engineering is a wide branch of science which is subdivided into many groups as it is concerned about the devolpment of backward countries in a short span of time i think my teamswork will be sucessful.

2)ANZFA (1998) Guidelines for the Safety Assessment of Foods to be Included in Standard A18 − Food produced using Gene Technology. Canberra, Australia and Wellington, New Zealand: Australia/New Zealand Food Authority.

3)Australia (2000) Gene Technology Act. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.http://scaleplus.law.gov.au/html/pasteact/3/3428/rtf/169of (2000)rtf.

4)

• CDC (2001a) FDA Evaluation of Consumer Complaints Linked to Foods Allegedly Containing StarLink Corn. June 13, 2001. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehhe/Cry9CReport.
• CDC (2001b) Investigation of Human Health Effects Associated with Potential Exposure to Genetically Modified Corn. June 11, 2001. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehhe/Cry9Creport/executivesummary.htm.
• CDC (2001c) Development and Use of a Method for Detection of IgE Antibodies to Cry9C. June 13, 2001. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/ehhe/Cry9Creport. 5)Coulston, F. & Kolbye, A.C. (1990) Biotechnologies and food: assuring the safety of foods produced by genetic modification. Reg. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 12, S1 – S196. 6)Diplock, A.T., Aggett, P.J., Ashwell, M., Bornet, F., Fern, E.B., Roberfroid, M.B. (1999) Scientific concepts of functional foods in Europe: consensus document. Brit. J. Nutr.81, S1 – S27. 7)Ewen, S.W.B. & Pusztai, A. (1999) Effect of diet containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine. Lancet, 354, 1353 – 1354.DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(98)05860-7