week 4 session 2 ''EAP unit 4E p. 62'' by Mahsa shirali https://padlet.com/shiralim/k6rl5ncj0lz0q25k en-us 2022-08-20 07:14:17 UTC 2022-08-22 13:36:37 UTC hello@padlet.com 1 match these adverbials to functions 1-5. shiralim https://padlet.com/shiralim/k6rl5ncj0lz0q25k/wish/2266056811      
1 comparing with something similar: in the same way, likewise
2 offering explanation: in other words
3 introducing an example: for example, for instance
4 showing stance: surprisingly, basically,  essentially, interestingly
5 signalling main point/ summary/ conclusion: to conclude , in conclusion, in brief, in short ]]> 2022-08-20 07:28:19 UTC https://padlet.com/shiralim/k6rl5ncj0lz0q25k/wish/2266056811 1 complete sentences 1-6 with an appropriate adverbial from the list. shiralim https://padlet.com/shiralim/k6rl5ncj0lz0q25k/wish/2266060165    
1 there are several extensive deserts, for instance the Sahara in North Africa.
2  surprisingly , very little of the sun's energy is currently used for desalination of water.
3 in conclusion, this essay has argued that consumption rather than production needs to be evaluated.
4 Standards of living have risen in line with increased urbanization; in other words, there is arguably a direct correlation between these two factors.
5 china has shown vast urban and economic development in recent years; likewise there has been considerable growth in India.]]> 2022-08-20 07:41:31 UTC https://padlet.com/shiralim/k6rl5ncj0lz0q25k/wish/2266060165 2 complete the text with an appropriate adverbial from each pair. shiralim https://padlet.com/shiralim/k6rl5ncj0lz0q25k/wish/2266062858 while often criticized for their ecological impact, cities are sources of ideas, creativity, and technology. 1 (for instance, essentially) humans are social animals and require a place to exchange knowledge and socially interact.2 (in other words/ significantly) economic opportunity has been a driver behind urban growth- 3 (in other words/ essentially) there is more chance of employment in cities despite widespread economic problems.4 (to conclude/ similarly) opportunities for education in cities are greater than elsewhere. 5 (for instance/ in other words) in Senegal the urban literacy rates for males is 80.6%, compared to 45.2% in rural areas(UNESCO, 2011). 6 (significantly/ to conclude) by 2030 approximately two-thirds of the global population will be urban. Although there are definite disadvantages, we must also look at the benefits of city living. ]]> 2022-08-20 07:53:37 UTC https://padlet.com/shiralim/k6rl5ncj0lz0q25k/wish/2266062858 3 decide on the function of each adverbial in 2. choose from the five options in 1.1 shiralim https://padlet.com/shiralim/k6rl5ncj0lz0q25k/wish/2266063083 2022-08-20 07:54:34 UTC https://padlet.com/shiralim/k6rl5ncj0lz0q25k/wish/2266063083 4 write a brief paragraph describing a theory or ideas from your own area of study. include one or two linking adverbials to guide your reader. shiralim https://padlet.com/shiralim/k6rl5ncj0lz0q25k/wish/2266063808 According to Shaw (2012), the application of resilience into planning theory and practice can be explained in the following three categories: ‘‘resilience as a contested concept, resilience as a radical agenda, and resilience as a framework for policy and practice’’. in other words, the evolutionary resilience concept is the most popular interpretation of resilience because of its flexibility as it emphasizes the value of developing the ability to look for the possibilities that always exist amid a crisis to emerge stronger and better than before (Seville, 2009). Therefore, Shaw (2012) suggested that, for planning and practice, resilience should be understood as bouncing forward, responding to crises by shifting to a new state that is more sustainable in the current context, rather than as rebounding back to an original condition after the external shock.
Furthermore, resilience can be viewed as a progressive and dynamic agenda linked to different aspects of society for example politics and power structure (Bay Localize, 2009), community-led climate change initiatives (Brown, 2011), and sub-national economic development (Bristow, 2010). Notably, Raco and Sweet, (2009, p. 6) reported that “resilience is a dynamic process in which change and constant re-invention provides the grounds for social, economic, and/or environmental strength”. Moreover, reframing resilience is needed for implementation in practice and operationalization. According to Harrow (2009), practitioners have a growing understanding due to the positive features of the resilience agenda that can link climate change with emergency planning, economic planning, health, and well-being. However, different areas need further attention, such as leadership for resilience, the balance between organizational, community, and individual resilience, and the link between resilience management and governance. In summary, the application of the resilience framework has challenges such as the use of it in grey areas because of the fluidity of the term. For planning theory and practice, resilience is a paradigm shift. For instance, the resilience concept challenges planning’s traditional assumptions (Wilkinson et al., 2010). 
]]> 2022-08-20 07:56:17 UTC https://padlet.com/shiralim/k6rl5ncj0lz0q25k/wish/2266063808 Well done and we checked this in class earlier :-) dcully https://padlet.com/shiralim/k6rl5ncj0lz0q25k/wish/2267404850 2022-08-22 13:36:37 UTC https://padlet.com/shiralim/k6rl5ncj0lz0q25k/wish/2267404850