• sifat melody/harmony/rhythm

• Bentuk lagu yang terhasil (sonata? rondo? strophic? etc)

• jenis Instrument/vokal yang wujud/diamalkan

• Ensembel yang terhasil (besar atau kecil)

ELEMENT OF MUSIC

3 TOKOH BAROQUE

• Siti Nursyazwani Binti Ismail 24253001

• Noor Azlinda Binti Shamsuddin 24253007

• Patrick Hoe Ping 24253004

• Mohd Aeizurine bin John 24253003

  
  

INSTRUMENTASI/VOKAL/ENSEMBLE ZAMAN BAROQUE

3 TOKOH MIDDLE AGES

1. SITI NURAIDA BINTI NORDDIN 24253016

2. MUHAMMAD DANIAL BIN MOHD HUZAINI 24253043

3. LEONG QIAN-YI 24253050

4. WENNIE LEE TZE QI 24253056

5. MUHAMMAD AMMAR IBRAHIM BIN MOHD NUR 24253060

CIRI-CIRI MUZIK DAN BENTUK ZAMAN RENAISSANCE

INSTRUMENTASI/VOKAL/ENSEMBLE ZAMAN MIDDLE AGES

• (nama & matriks)

• Chin Zoey (24253069)

• Chan Hong Tack (24253070)

• Muhammad Nil Marhaen B Mohd Shahrin (24253093)

• Nurul Aizza Binti Mohd Azmi (24253095)

• Muhammad Aqeel Putra Bin Norhalim (24253097)

  
  

3 TOKOH (RENAISSSANCE)

CIRI-CIRI MUZIK & BENTUK MIDDLE AGES)

• Akmal Danial Bin Azman (24253099)

• Adam Ikwan Bin Mazlan (24253111)

• Muhammad Fikrullah Bin Ahmad Radzuan (24253123)

• Muhammad Khairin Bin Azmi (24253100)

CIRI-CIRI MUZIK DAN BENTUK (ZAMAN BAROQUE)

INSTRUMENTASI/VOKAL/ENSEMBLE (ZAMAN RENAISSANCE)

• AMIRUL HAQIEM BIN MOHD KHAIRI (24253128)

• MUHAMMAD RIDHUAN BIN ROSLI (24253170)

• ADNAN SAAD BIN AZMI (24253160)

  
  

•Melodi lebih licin, dengan garis melodi yang lebih panjang dan beralun.

•Harmoni menjadi lebih kaya dan lebih menarik.

•Penggunaan teknik imitasi di antara suara (melodi disambung dan ditiru oleh suara lain).

•Irama lebih sekata dan stabil, berbanding zaman sebelumnya.

•Penekanan terhadap keseimbangan antara suara vokal dan instrumental.

•Penggunaan 'word painting', iaitu teknik muzik yang menggambarkan makna lirik melalui melodi.

•Dinamik lebih halus, perubahan kekuatan bunyi berlaku secara beransur-ansur.

•Muzik sekular semakin berkembang, dengan aktiviti muzik di rumah menjadi lebih biasa.

•Kemajuan dalam percetakan muzik membolehkan muzik diedarkan dengan lebih luas.

•Bentuk muzik utama: Madrigal, Motet, Mass, dan Chanson.

•Polyphony

•Muzik instrumental juga semakin menonjol, termasuk muzik tarian seperti pavane dan galliard.

1. Hildegard von Bingen

Hildegard von Bingen lahir pada tahun 1098 di Jerman. Beliau seorang biarawati yang berbakat dalam muzik, penulisan, perubatan, dan falsafah. Hildegard menjadi ketua dua buah biara.

Beliau menghasilkan 69 lagu, semuanya dengan lirik yang ditulis sendiri. Muziknya hanya ada satu melodi (monofonik), tetapi sangat indah dan beremosi. Ciri khas muziknya ialah penggunaan melisma (banyak nota untuk satu suku kata).

Karya terkenal beliau ialah Ordo Virtutum, sebuah drama moral dengan muzik. Antara karya popular beliau ialah Ordo Virtutum (sekitar tahun 1151), iaitu sebuah drama moral yang menggabungkan muzik dan lakonan, yang dianggap sebagai salah satu karya terbesar dalam sejarah muzik awal Eropah.

Reference:

https://www.nkoda.com/blog/medieval-music-composers

• Leonardo Da Vinci https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leonardo-da-Vinci

  • Italian painter who is well-known for his famous work called “Mona Lisa”

• Michelangelo https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michelangelo

  • He is well-known for The frescoes on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel (1508–12) in the Vatican, which include the iconic depiction of the creation of Adam interpreted from Genesis.

• Donatello https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michelangelo

  • Donatello was one of greatest Italian Renaissance artists, noted especially for his sculptures in marble, bronze, and wood.

  • some of his famous works include the St. Mark and St. George (c. 1415), two separate sculptures commissioned for the niches of Orasanmichele; David (undated)

In the Middle Ages, there were two main types of music:

• Sacred music (for the Church) — usually no instruments, just singing.

• Secular music (for fun, festivals, courts) — lots of instruments!

Most instruments were simple and handmade.

1. String Instruments

• Lyre:

  • Like a small harp.

  • Players plucked the strings with their fingers.

  • Very old and simple, used for storytelling.

  
  

• Harp:

  • Bigger than the lyre.

  • Had many strings of different lengths.

  • Harps were respected and often used in noble courts.

  
  

• Vielle:

  • Early version of the violin.

  • Played with a bow (rubbed across the strings).

  • It had a deeper, rougher sound than modern violins.

  
  

• Hurdy-Gurdy:

  • A mix between a violin and an organ.

  • Players turned a crank to make a wheel rub against the strings.

  • It made continuous music and was good for dancing.

• 
  

2. Wind Instruments

• Flute:

  • Made of wood (not metal like today).

  • Simple, straight tube — you blow across it.

  
  

• Recorder:

  • Similar to the flute but with a mouthpiece.

  • Easier to play simple melodies.

• 
  

• Shawm:

  • An early ancestor of the oboe.

  • Loud and piercing — great for outdoor music.

  
  

• Bagpipes:

  • Air is stored in a bag and squeezed out through pipes.

  • Popular among peasants and travelers.

  
  

• Trumpet:

  • Made of metal, but no valves yet (could only play a few notes).

  • Used mostly for ceremonies and military signals.

  
  

3. Percussion Instruments

• Drums:

  • Simple hand drums and larger frame drums.

  • Used to keep rhythm for dances and processions.

  
  

• Tambourine:

  • A small frame drum with jingles.

  • Played by shaking or hitting.

  
  

• Cymbals:

  • Two metal plates hit together for a loud crash sound.

  
  

• Bells:

  • Used in church and sometimes attached to instruments or costumes.

  
  

• Summary

  • Church music: mostly voices, few instruments.

  • Secular music: lots of instruments — strings, winds, percussion.

  • Instruments were simple, but they made music lively and exciting!

video reference.

• https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=4keEyZ7LFq8&t=25s

  
  

  
  

Instrumentasi/Vokal/Ensemble zaman Middle Ages:

• Vokal utama: Gregorian Chant (monofonik, satu melodi).

• Lagu berbentuk suci (agama) dan sekular (hiburan).

• Alat muzik: rebab, seruling, vielle, psaltery.

• Guna ensemble kecil, suara dengan alat muzik sederhana.

• Muzik polyphony mula berkembang (gabungan dua atau lebih melodi).

And below is the Characteristic music during the RENAISSANCE Time.

Here’s your full text, rewritten neatly in English, keeping it organized with each link properly placed under its point:

Polyphonic Texture

Renaissance music features a rich, layered texture, with multiple independent melodic lines sounding simultaneously.
Composers developed a sophisticated sense of counterpoint, where melodic lines weave together and imitate each other.
Source

Imitative Polyphony

This style is commonly found in sacred music such as masses and motets, as well as in secular genres like madrigals.
Source

Smooth Harmonic Flow and Balanced Phrases

Renaissance composers placed a greater emphasis on the smooth, logical progression of chords and the balance of musical phrases.
Source

Text-Music Relationships (Word Painting)

Composers during the Renaissance became more interested in expressing the meaning and emotions of the text through music.
They employed techniques like "word painting," musically illustrating specific words or images from the lyrics.
Source

Modes

Renaissance music continued to rely on the modal system inherited from the Middle Ages, rather than the major and minor key systems that would later dominate Western music.
Source

Vocal and Instrumental Music

Vocal music, particularly sacred forms like masses and motets, played a dominant role during the Renaissance.
Secular vocal music, such as madrigals, also flourished alongside instrumental music.
Source

Printing and the Spread of Music

The invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg revolutionized the distribution of music, allowing compositions to spread quickly across Europe.
Source

video reference for each points above ,

Of course! Here are just the direct YouTube links for each point:

1. Polyphonic Texture
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WUm0Y7Sr7XM

2. Imitative Polyphony
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BarDa39IgQw

3. Smooth Harmonic Flow and Balanced Phrases
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rS9ofoYNNGI

4. Text-Music Relationships (Word Painting)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HaQTq6LsggA

5. Modes
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lyq48eybjZw

6. Vocal and Instrumental Music
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vERc8fLOnPE

7. Printing and the Spread of Music
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3FL8cAROIMc

⚫ hasil karya muzik baroque biasanya bermula dengan satu mud asas yang diulang secara berterusan sehingga akhir

⚫ bermula dengan satu corak irama yang diulang secara berterusan sehingga akhir lagu dengan penekanan kepada bit.

Melodi era Baroque adalah berdasarkan satu idea muzik asas yang diulang dan dipelbagaikan. Idea asas diulang pada nada, sama ada yang lebih tinggi atau rendah. Hiasan (ornaments) digunakan pada melodi atau not yang panjang. Faktor ini menyebabkan melodi zaman Baroque susah untuk dinyanyikan dan diingati.

Tonaliti muzik Zaman Baroque adalah dalam nada Major dan nada minor.

⚫ pertukaran dinamik secara mendadak sama ada daripada kuat ke lembut atau sebalik

Terrrace Dynamics digunakan terutamanya dalam permainan alat harpsikod, organ dan muzik vokal.

Muzik Baroque kebanyakannya bertekstur polifoni dan homofoni. Dalam harmoni.

Penekanan adalah kepada chord dan bass (basso continuo) untuk mengiringi sesuatu karya.

Modulasi dan kod ke-7 diperkenalkan di samping penggunaan perfect cadence (V-I).

Jenis muzik vokal era Baroque ialah opera, cantata, oratorio, lied, recitative,dan aria.

Muzik instrumental pula ialah sonata, suite, dan cancerto. Fugue ditulis untuk kedua-dua jenis muzik vokal dan instrumental.

Orkestra era Baroque memberi penekanan lebih kepada alat muzik hapsikod dan alat muzik seperti cello, double bes, violin, viola dan basun. Alat tiup bras, alat tiup dan perkusi dipelbagaikan dan digunakan mengikut keperluan sesebuah karya.

1. Latar Belakang

Francesco Landini yang lahir pada tahun 1335 di Fiesole, berhampiran Florence dan meninggal dunia pada 2 September 1397. Landini merupakan seorang komposer terkemuka Itali pada abad ke-14, yang terkenal semasa hayatnya kerana ingatan muziknya yang luar biasa, kemahirannya dalam improvisasi, serta kepakarannya bermain organ portatif, kerana hasil-hasil gubahannya. Beliau juga mahir bermain seruling.

Landini yang juga anak seorang pelukis, telah buta sejak kecil akibat penyakit cacar. Pada usia mudanya, beliau mencapai reputasi sebagai seorang yang berilmu dalam bidang falsafah, astrologi, dan muzik. Dalam Il Paradiso degli Alberti tahun 1389, Giovanni da Prato menggambarkan Landini memainkan lagunya dengan begitu merdu, sehinggakan tiada siapa pernah mendengar harmoni seindah itu.

2. Karya

   Antara karya terkenal Landini adalah Ecco la Primavera. Ecco la primavera ialah sebuah lagu abad ke-14 ciptaan Landini. Ia merupakan lagu tentang ketibaan musim bunga. Judul lagu ini diterjemahkan sebagai “Lihatlah, Musim Bunga Telah Tiba!”

https://www.britannica.com/event/Renaissance/The-High-Renaissance

https://italian.yabla.com/lesson-Ecco-An-Ancient-and-Useful-Adverb-703#:~:text=Ecco%20la%20primavera%20is%20a,to%20something%20goes%20way%20back.

Guillaume de Machaut

Latar belakang

• Lahir sekitar tahun 1300, meninggal dunia tahun 1377.

• Seorang komposer dan penyair terkenal dari Perancis.

• Tokoh utama dalam gaya muzik Ars Nova (zaman pertengahan).

• Menghasilkan karya muzik keagamaan dan sekular.

• Karya keagamaan terkenal: Messe de Nostre Dame (misa polyphonic lengkap terawal).

• Menulis bentuk lagu sekular seperti ballade, rondeau, dan virelai.

• Pernah berkhidmat dengan golongan bangsawan, termasuk Raja John dari Luxembourg.

• Menggabungkan muzik dan puisi secara kreatif.

• Memberi pengaruh besar dalam perkembangan muzik zaman pertengahan.

Karya

1. Karya Keagamaan (Religious Works)

• Messe de Nostre Dame

Ini adalah salah satu misa polyphonic yang lengkap paling awal dalam sejarah muzik.

• Motet

Sejenis muzik keagamaan dengan beberapa suara yang berbeza nyanyi serentak.

2. Karya Sekular (Secular Works)

• Lagu-lagu bentuk tetap Perancis，

• Ballade

• Rondeau

• Virelai

References

https://musichistory1eiu16.wordpress.com/2016/02/10/guillaume-de-machaut-ca-1300-1377/

https://kumparan.com/ragam-info/3-tokoh-seniman-musik-pada-zaman-pertengahan-dan-sejarah-singkatnya-21R2E6Gx4kz/full

1. Feudal System

Kings gave land to nobles.

Peasants worked for the nobles in exchange for protection.

2. Powerful Church

The Catholic Church had a lot of control.

The Pope was sometimes more powerful than kings.

3. Unique Buildings

Big castles and churches were built.

Gothic style: tall, pointed arches, stained glass.

4. Many Wars

Crusades: wars between Christians and Muslims.

Fights between kingdoms and Viking attacks.

5. Slow Science

The Church controlled learning.

Most schools were in monasteries.

6. Farm-Based Life

Most people were farmers.

Trade started growing later in the period.

https://www.britannica.com/event/Middle-Ages

1. Violin Family (Violin, Viola, Cello, Double Bass)

• The violin became a dominant instrument for solo and ensemble music.

• Instruments were built with gut strings (instead of modern steel) and had a lighter sound.

• Antonio Stradivari and Giuseppe Guarneri were famous luthiers of this period.

2. Harpsichord

• A keyboard instrument where strings are plucked (not hammered like the piano).

• It was used for both solo performances and basso continuo (harmonic support in ensembles).

• It could not vary its volume easily (unlike a piano).

3. Organ

• Played a major role in both church music and public concerts.

• Organs had multiple keyboards (manuals) and a pedalboard.

• Famous composers like J.S. Bach wrote significant organ works.

4. Recorder

• A popular woodwind instrument, softer and more delicate than the modern flute.

• Used in both professional compositions and amateur settings.

• Typically made of wood.

5. Oboe

• Evolved during the Baroque era from earlier shawms.

• It had a sweeter, more singing tone and was used widely in orchestras.

• Important in dance suites and orchestral overtures.

6. Bassoon

• Provided the bass voice of the woodwind section.

• Used for continuo parts and sometimes for solo roles.

7. Lute

• A plucked string instrument, somewhat like an ancestor to the guitar.

• Important for solo music and song accompaniment, especially earlier in the Baroque period.

Refrence Link

• https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johann-Sebastian-Bach

• https://handelandhaydn.org/feeling-hip-get-to-know-the-baroque-brass-instruments/

Sound:
“vibrations that travel through the air or another medium and can be heard when they reach a person's or animal's ear.”

- Oxford dictionary

Pada zaman Renaissance (sekitar abad ke-14 hingga ke-17), muzik berkembang dengan pesat, termasuk dari segi alat muzik atau instrumentasi. Banyak alat muzik baru dicipta dan alat muzik lama diperbaiki serta disempurnakan. Berikut adalah kategori utama alat muzik pada zaman Renaissance:

1.Alat Muzik jenis Tiupan

Recorder: Seruling kayu dalam pelbagai saiz.

Sackbut: Alat muzik tiupan yang merupakan nenek moyang kepada trombon moden.

Crumhorn: Alat tiupan berbentuk melengkung seperti huruf “J” dengan bunyi mendengung.

Shawm: Sejenis alat tiupan seperti oboe, bunyinya kuat dan lantang.

Cornett: Alat tiupan kayu berbentuk lurus atau melengkung, bunyinya campuran antara trompet dan suara manusia.

2.Alat Muzik jenis bertali

Lute: Sejenis gitar lama berbadan bulat dan leher pendek, sangat popular untuk solo dan pengiring.

Viol: Keluarga alat bertali yang dimainkan dengan penggesek (seperti biola tetapi lebih besar dan bunyinya lebih lembut).

Harp: Alat bertali seperti harpa, digunakan dalam pelbagai saiz.

3.Alat Muzik jenis Percussion (pukulan)

Tambourine: Sejenis alat kecil yang boleh digoncang atau dipukul.

Tabor: Gendang kecil yang selalu dimainkan bersama seruling.

Nakers: Sepasang gendang kecil, dimainkan secara berpasangan.

3.Alat Muzik jenis Keyboard

Harpsichord: Alat seperti piano tetapi dawai-dawainya dipetik bukannya dipalu.

Clavichord: Alat papan kekunci dengan bunyi lembut, sesuai untuk latihan atau persembahan kecil.

Organ Portatif dan Positif: Organ kecil yang mudah dipindahkan dan digunakan dalam muzik gereja dan rumah.

1. Choirs

* Baroque choirs were central to religious and ceremonial music.

* Sizes varied: small chamber choirs for private chapels, large choirs for cathedrals.

* Typical voice parts: Soprano, Alto, Tenor, Bass (SATB).

* Used in works like oratorios, cantatas, passions, and sacred masses.

2. Solo Voices

* Solo singers became very important in the Baroque.

* Operas, cantatas, and oratorios featured arias (solo songs) that showed off the singer’s skill.

* Famous for virtuosic ornamentation and emotional expression.

* Types of solos: aria, recitative (speech-like singing), and air.

3. Vocal Duets, Trios, and Quartets

* Baroque composers often wrote pieces for small groups of soloists (e.g., duet between a soprano and bass).

* These small ensembles allowed for intimate musical dialogues and contrasts.

* Often used in both secular (opera) and sacred (church) music.

4. Opera Ensembles

* Opera was a huge development in the Baroque.

* Ensembles could include duets, trios, quartets, and full choruses.

* Composers like Monteverdi, Handel, and Lully wrote operas with complex ensemble scenes.

5. Sacred Vocal Ensembles

* In church music, combinations of soloists and choirs were common.

* "Concertato" style: mixing different groups (soloists, choir, instruments) to create contrast and dialogue.

* Used in pieces like cantatas, masses, and oratorios.

6. Madrigals (Early Baroque)

* Although madrigals were more popular in the Renaissance, early Baroque madrigals evolved with more emphasis on solo singing and expressive harmony.

* Small groups of singers (often 4–6) sang together with more dramatic contrast.

7. Famous Vocal Forms

* Opera: staged drama with singing, acting, costumes, and scenery.

* Oratorio: large-scale work like opera, but usually religious and unstaged.

* Cantata: a short vocal work with instrumental accompaniment, either sacred or secular.

Reference

• https://human.libretexts.org/Courses/Prince_Georges_Community_College/Music_Appreciation%3A_A_Topical_Approach_to_Music_Genre_and_Style/11%3A_Vocal_Music_Through_the_Ages/11.04%3A_Vocal_Music_in_the_Baroque-_The_Cantata

  
  

• https://cmbv.fr/en/introducing-baroque/vocal-secular-music

1.0 GEORGE FREDERIC HANDEL

1.1 Latar Belakang

Ejaan nama beliau yang asal adalah Georg Friedrich Händel. Beliau lahir pada 23 Februari 1685 di Halle, Saxony-Anhaltlle, Jerman dan meninggal pada 14 April 1759 ketika berusia 74 tahun dalam keadaan yang miskin dan susah. Sungguhpun beliau lahir di Jerman, beliau merupakan seorang rakyat British. Beliau mendapat kerakyatan di England pada 22 Januari 1727 setelah menghabiskan banyak hidupnya di situ. Beliau merupakan seorang 'child prodigy' iaitu seorang yang sangat berbakat dari kecil. Pada umur 7 tahun, beliau mampu bermain hapsikord dan paip organ dengan hebat. Pada usia 9 tahun pula, beliau telahpun mula menggubah muzik. Namun begitu, bapa beliau yang pada masa itu merupakan seorang pakar bedah (Barber surgeon) dan juga pembantu majlis -majlis bangsawan Saxony dan Brandenburg langsung tidak bersetuju dengan minat Handel dalam muzik. Bapanya mahu Handel mempelajari undang-undang. Oleh itu, Handel mengambil jurusan undang - undang di Universiti Halle pada tahun 1702. Namun pada tahun 1703 iaitu setelah kematian bapanya, Handel berhenti belajar pengajian undang-undang dan bermain organ di gereja Protestant. Pada tahun 1704, Handel berhijrah ke Hamburg dan mula bermain viola di dalam orkestra dan harsichord di rumah Opera.

1.2 Karya Popular

1) Dixit Dominus (1707)

2) Opera Rodrigo (Florence, 1707)

3) Agrippina (Venice, 1709)

4) La Resurrezione (Rome, 1709)

5) Trionfo del Tempo (Rome, 1710)

https://youtu.be/grHZkLaFOY8?feature=shared

2.0 GIOVANNI BATTISTA PERGOLESI

2.1 Latar Belakang

Nama asal beliau ialah Giovanni Battista Draghi. Beliau lahir pada 4 January 1710 di Jesi, Itali dan meninggal pada 17 March 1736 pada usia 26 tahun disebabkan oleh jangkitan tuberculosis. Beliau merupakan seorang komposer, pemain violin dan organ. Nama Pergolesi merupakan panggilan yang merujuk kepada salasilah nenek moyang beliau yang berasal dari Pergola, Marche. Beliau belajar muzik dengan Francesco Santi sebelum berhijrah ke Naples pada tahun 1725 untuk belajar dengan Gaetano Greco dan Francesco Feo. Beliau menghabiskan hidup beliau bekerja untuk penaung aristokrat seperti Ferdinando Colonna, Putera Stigliano, dan Domenico Marzio Carafa.

2.2 Karya Popular

1) Antifona "In caelestibus regnis" (1731)

2) Confitebor tibi Domine (Psalm 111) in C for Soprano, Alto, Choir, Strings and Continuo (1732)

3) Dixit Dominus (Psalm 110) for Soprano, Bass, 2 Choirs and 2 Orchestras (1732)

4) Laudate pueri Dominum (Psalm 113) in D for Soprano, Mezzo, Choir and Orchestra (1734)

5) Mass in F "San Emidio" (Missa romana) for Soprano, Alto, 2 Choirs, 2 Orchestras and Continuo (1732)

https://youtu.be/qzOmPUu-F_M?feature=shared

3.0 CLAUDIO MONTEVERDI (LINDA)

3.1 Latar Belakang

Claudio Giovanni Antonio Monteverdi

Lahir di Cremona, Italy 1657

Menjadi komposer sejak di usia remaja lagi dan mempunyai koleksi popular sehingga ke hari ini, seorang komposer, pemain biola, dan juga konduktor panduan suara/koir gereja pada akhir era muzik Renaisans hingga ke era awal muzik Barok yang pernah menjadi seorang pendeta. Beliau juga menulis komposisi muzik keagamaan religius dan bertema sekuler serta pelopor perkembangan seni opera. Beliau juga dikenali sebagai figura paling berpengaruh dalam transisi era muzik Renaisans dan Barok.

Sebahagian daripada karya-karya Monteverdi telah hilang termasuk diantaranya merupakan karya-karya utama di pentas, Karyanya yang masih ditemukan : sembilan buku madrigal, muzik-muzik keagamaan seperti Vespro della Beata Vergine (1610), dan tiga opera lengkap. Operanya yang bertajuk L’Orfeo (1607) merupakan genre opera paling awal yang masih dimainkan. Sampai ke penghujung riwayatnya di Venesia, Monteverdi masih menulis opera, Il ritorno d’Ulisse in patria (1639-1640) dan L’incoronazione di Poppea (1643).

3.2 Karya Popular

Bermula pada tahun

1605 - Fifth Book of Madrigals

1607 - L’ Orfeo

1640-1641 - Selva Morale E Sprituale

1642 - L’incoronazione di Poppea

Rujukan:

Adams Aileen, K., Hofestadt, B., "Georg Handel (1622–97): Perihal kerjaya ayah kepada George Frideric Handel sebagai “Barber-surgeon” (1685-1759)", Journal of Medical Biography, 2005, Aug;13(3):142-9.

Harris, Ellen T. The librettos of Handel's operas: a collection of seventy librettos documenting Handel's operatic career New York: Garland, 1989. ISBN 0-8240-3862-2

Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Giovanni Battista Pergolesi" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

THE CLASSICAL MUSIC BOOK (2018)

DK Penguin Random House

ISBN 978-1-4654-7342-4

• How high or how low a sound is.

• Derives from how the frequency of vibration:

• Fast vibration = higher pitch

• Slow vibration = lower pitch

Pitch is a perceptual property that allows us to order sounds from low to high

Pitch can be described as "definite" (e.g., musical notes) or "indefinite" (e.g., the sounds of speech.

• how loud or soft the sound is.

In music, dynamics refer to the variations in loudness or volume of a sound or a musical passage.

Vocal in Renaissance Era (1400-1600)

Shifts from monophonic medieval music to polyphonic style. Composers experiment with- and explored- new styles and developed much richer harmonization.

Key features of vocalization in music during Renaissance Era

• A Cappella

• Polyphony

• Contrapuntal

• Motet (Sacred)

• Madrigal (Secular)

• Chanson (Focuses on story-telling and text expressions)

Notable Composers and their works:

1. Josquin des Prez (1450-1521):

A highly influential figure, known for his expressive and technically sophisticated motets and chansons.

2. Thomas Tallis (1505-1585):

A prominent English composer, known for his motets and anthems.

3. William Byrd (1540-1623):

Another important English composer, known for his motets, anthems, and instrumental works.

4. Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643):

A transitional figure who bridged the Renaissance and Baroque periods, known for his madrigals and operas.

5. Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (1525-1594):

A key figure in the development of polyphonic sacred music, known for his masses and motets.

Tone colour, also known as timbre, refers to the unique quality of a sound that distinguishes it from other sound sources.

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Pada zaman Renaissance, muzik sering dimainkan dalam bentuk ensemble, iaitu kumpulan kecil pemain muzik yang memainkan alat muzik berlainan atau serupa. Ensemble zaman ini biasanya mempunyai kumpulan kecil (sekitar 3–8 pemain), dan mereka memainkan muzik polifoni (beberapa melodi berjalan serentak).

Terdapat beberapa jenis ensemble yang terkenal:

1.Consort

Maksud Consort ialah kumpulan alat muzik yang dimainkan bersama.

Terdapat dua jenis consort:

WHOLE CONSORT: Semua alat muzik daripada keluarga yang sama, contohnya satu kumpulan penuh recorder atau satu kumpulan penuh viol.

BROKEN CONSORT: Gabungan alat muzik dari pelbagai jenis, contohnya lute, viol, dan recorder dimainkan bersama.

2.Ensemble Vokal dan Instrumental

Kadang-kadang muzik Renaissance menggabungkan penyanyi dan pemain alat muzik

Contohnya dalam madrigal atau motet, suara manusia disertai dengan alat muzik untuk memperkaya bunyi.

3.Ensemble Tarian

Muzik untuk tarian (seperti pavane, galliard, branle) dimainkan oleh ensemble kecil menggunakan alat muzik seperti lute, recorder, sackbut, dan harpsichord.

Muzik tarian ini penting dalam majlis-majlis istana dan perayaan.

Contoh alat muzik yang biasa dalam ensemble Renaissance:

Tiupan: recorder, shawm, cornett, sackbut

Bertali: lute, violin

percussion: tambourine, tabor

Keyboard: harpsichord, organ kecil