Linguistic Imperalism by Alexandria Zielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y Group Five- Adrienne Richter Powell, Alexandria Zielinsky, Fareed Shar Hussain, Ishani Dasgupta, Meeka Nelson, Natachez Euphema Feare en-us 2021-03-10 18:36:02 UTC 2023-04-16 16:18:57 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f601.png Introduction alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388335852 Language embodies culture. Culture through historical backgrounds, mythology, and literature carries the central portion of values that we use to form our identities and structure our positions within the world. Language can be perceived as a basic tool used to give identity to a national culture. Language connects the mind, soul, and cultural identity. It serves as a device that unites similar individuals within that particular society. ]]> 2021-04-06 17:36:02 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388335852 Relevance alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388337373 The relevance of linguistic imperialism can best be understood from its real-world impact on many communities of people globally. From residential schools in Canada, the impact of linguistic tactics to control people after WWII, and the ever-present British colonization of many nations by establishing Anglocentric mandates.  ]]> 2021-04-06 17:36:22 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388337373 Importance, Historical vs Today alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388338582 Linguistic colonialism is quite influential, as we can see even just from the language this padlet is written in. In North America, and in Canada in particular we can see the influence of English and French settlers coming to Canada, and the language they brought with them. When thinking about this topic it is easy to think that it existed quite some time ago and that the effects are more or less over. However, the thing is that language colonialism is not only a historical concept, but that once was also a large battle for power. Language colonialism still exists today and still focuses on power and belittlement of other countries and languages.  ]]> 2021-04-06 17:36:39 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388338582 Close to Home- Colonization of Canada and Loss of Indigenous Languages alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388454563 Canada was colonized when European explorers came to Canada, imposing new laws, rules, and a new socio-economic system overall. Around the 1880’s, residential schools began to operate. They were schools which stripped Indigenous children from their families, at these schools they were not allowed to acknowledge their heritage, language, or culture. The goal of residential schools was to push Indigenous people away from their culture and lifestyle, and into the ways of the European settlers. Even after residential schools shut down in the end of the 20th century, a loss of language stayed present. After residential schools shut down, the fear of speaking their Indigenous language stayed, due to the abuse that people endured.  ]]> 2021-04-06 18:00:38 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388454563 How did Residential Schools Effect Kids? alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388462453 Children were targeted during the time of residential schools because they were young and impressionable. The imitation hypothesis explains that children learn languages by observing and then copying what the people around them do. ]]> 2021-04-06 18:02:25 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388462453 The Imitation Hypothesis alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388484596 The idea that children acquire language by imitating the people around them.]]> 2021-04-06 18:07:00 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388484596 Loss of Language alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388494579 Colonialism affected the language of Indigenous people in Canada due to residential schools. Colonialism reshaped the linguistic make-up of many Indigenous regions, as when people were released from residential schools, they had little to no grasp on the native language that they spoke when they began attending the schools.  ]]> 2021-04-06 18:09:09 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388494579 A History of Aboriginal Languages alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388499659 Prior to the arrival of European settlers in North America, there were as many as 450 aboriginal languages that may have been spoken. (According to the Office of the Commissioner of Official Languages, 1992) This number was reduced drastically, and we now recognize a mere 53 aboriginal languages, many of which are on the verge of extinction.  
European colonizers brought with them genocide, linguistic imperialism, dis-ease, forced relocation, English-only residential schools.
]]> 2021-04-06 18:10:13 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388499659 Ripple Effect of Language Imperialism alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388505261 The effects of language imperialism translate into people's everyday lives and can translate into the mental health of individuals. Many Indigenous people have a sense of not belonging anywhere in the world due to the language and culture genocide that residential schools put them through. They feel as if they no longer fit in with the Indigenous community because they have no ties to the culture, but they also feel like they do not fit in with other Canadians because they are not seen as “fully Canadian” by some people. The effects on Indigenous individuals from residential schools had a horrible impact on their well-being and culture.  ]]> 2021-04-06 18:11:28 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388505261 Call to Action alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388517415 Ideas that support the restoration and revitalization of First Nations languages.]]> 2021-04-06 18:14:11 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388517415 Education alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388523993 Lots of education platforms have been put into place to revitalize Indigenous languages. There are revitalization programs at the University of Victoria, University of British Columbia, and Yukon College.  These revitalization programs offer all kinds of programs from certificates, to diplomas, to bachelor's degrees, to a master's degree. Getting an education in Indigenous language revitalization can help to reclaim the Indigenous culture that was stripped at residential schools. Education available to children in indigenous languages would also help to revitalize languages and introduce indigenous children back into their culture and language. ]]> 2021-04-06 18:15:41 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388523993 alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388531939 "If reconciliation is about repairing the relationship between indigenous people and Canadians, and Canadian society, what would it look like to have that policy of the residential school in reverse? What would it look like if there was a policy and a law that said that indigenous people had the right to have their children educated in their indigenous language?"
-Khelsilem]]> 2021-04-06 18:17:26 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388531939 alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388543790 2021-04-06 18:20:09 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388543790 Call to Action for First Nations People alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388576723 In 2019 the Canadian Government proposed the “Indigenous Languages Act”. There are five main purposes of this act, but to sum them up, they are to: 
  1. Promote and support all variations of Indigenous languages 
  2. Support the actions and efforts of Indigenous people to “reclaim, revitalize, and maintain” Indigenous languages 
  3. Create a safe space for Indigenous rights concerning language to be exercised 
  4. Provide funding so that the reclaim, revitalization, and maintenance of Indigenous languages thrives 
  5. Create positive ties between Indigenous governments and provincial and territorial governments to give Indigenous governments meaningful opportunities to collaborate  
]]> 2021-04-06 18:27:45 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1388576723 alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400662637 Colonialist societies sought out dominance and colonized the lingual and language identities of inferior societies. Colonizers used language as a cultural tool to convey their thoughts, beliefs, and customs to exert dominance. These policies enabled them to completely strengthen their comprehensive diffusion of colonialism onto others which resulted in universal linguistic and cultural weaknesses. ]]> 2021-04-09 16:31:48 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400662637 alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400665339 A result of colonialism, Language Imperialism, is the imposition of a dominant language onto others. The presence of European languages worldwide demonstrates language policy as a key dimension by colonial empires both in countries where Europeans settled and in exploitation colonies. This padlet will discuss the universal effects of language imperialism and present constructive strategies of calls to action to minimize the negative implications of language imperialism within inferior societies. ]]> 2021-04-09 16:32:26 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400665339 Colonialism: alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400672411 The practice of domination whereas a country physically exerts dominance over another country. ]]> 2021-04-09 16:34:13 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400672411 Key Terms/Definitions alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400675141 These key terms/definitions will help you enhance your understanding of the general concept of our padlet.]]> 2021-04-09 16:34:55 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400675141 Imperialism: alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400678177 The idea behind the practice of domination. It is the formal and or informal economic and political dominance over another country. 
  • Those who spoke the imperial language had power 
  • Those who did not (spoke mother tongue) were marginalized 
]]> 2021-04-09 16:35:39 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400678177 Language Imperialism: alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400681419 The imposition of a dominant language onto others. It engages with the structural imperialism in culture, education, media, communication, economics, politics and military institutions. Notably, it consists of the exploitation, injustice, and hierarchy that privileges those that can speak the dominant language. Language imperalism is a form of linguicism. ]]> 2021-04-09 16:36:27 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400681419 Linguicism: alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400684161  It serves to privilege users of the standard form of the dominant language in which represents linguistic capital.]]> 2021-04-09 16:37:09 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400684161 alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400706396 The consequence of all these examples is that it set to divide groups of people and erase the culture of others, often doing both. Culture and language are connected in many ways, as we have learned in linguistics. The domination of one (alien) language over a group of people who have never experienced the pragmatic undertones of it, asks these communities to remove/replace the fundamental constructs of their culture.  ]]> 2021-04-09 16:42:29 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400706396 alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400707521 This also allows society to determine social hierarchy amongst themselves, by choosing who is in power based on the inherent “sophistication” of the language they speak. For example, proper English was often regarded as a civilized language when colonizers dominated North American countries and their indigenous peoples. Due to this precedent and established stereotypes, the method of domination became removing all other languages in the continent and thus the people’s culture. The impact of this is still felt to this day when those whose language was erased and with it some important parts of their culture. ]]> 2021-04-09 16:42:46 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400707521 alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400727868 2021-04-09 16:47:28 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400727868 alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400741157 2021-04-09 16:50:34 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400741157 Residual Influences alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400759645 In the text “Language and Colonialism” by Isabelle Léglise a common topic that is explored is the residual influences of colonialism in Guyana and other South American or African countries. The text explores the importance of how French linguistic policies and curriculum are applied to nations outside of France and how this affects students in those nations. The primary effect is that teaching children in their non-native language and forcing them to learn a language of the people who have oppressed them for decades if not centuries results in an “unusually high rate of education failure; it is the highest in all of France including all overseas’ departments and territories” (Léglise, 2). This is a clear indication that linguistic colonialism is very real and is very much still a powerful force in determining the success of students and the success of a nation.  ]]> 2021-04-09 16:54:57 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400759645 alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400793240 2021-04-09 17:03:27 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400793240 Power Structures alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400831615 Understanding linguistic colonialism is not only critical to understanding language development, but also in understanding power relationships. For instance, language barriers were the primary problem for Spanish settlers in New Granada who wanted to assimilate and evangelize the native people. To solve this problem the Spanish settlers decided to copy a strategy that they had previously used in Mexico, and Peru. This strategy consisted of instituting a “systematic linguistic policy for all of its [Spanish Empire’s] possessions in the New World” (Betancourt, 138). The main idea with this policy was to teach subjects in schools in Spanish, and to supress the native languages used.  ]]> 2021-04-09 17:12:49 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400831615 Conversations in New Granada alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400839924 Conversation was seen as a way to assimilate the natives of New Granada into Spanish culture. The justification for the Spanish involvement in New Granada was that the Spaniards were trying to evangelize and conquer the New Grenadian's. The policies that the Spanish settlers enacted caused “pressured towards cultural and linguistic homogeneity”. Having the ability to speak Spanish became critical to finding a place within colonial society, this meant that the Spanish settlers held the power with their language. As such, it is clear to see how important linguistical colonization is to languages and power structures around the world.  ]]> 2021-04-09 17:14:57 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400839924 Linguistic Imperalism in India alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400908726 When British settlers wanted to fully colonized India in the 1830s, they used language to establish their power. They wished to make English the key language in a country known for over 700 languages. In doing so they created a British education system in India; the new education system was known as Maculaysim. This new system sought to erase indigenous culture in India by substituting with the culture of the colonizers.  ]]> 2021-04-09 17:31:54 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400908726 Examples and Case Studies alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400915659 Examples that share how colonalism affected language in many different regions around the world. In this section we talk about the effects of colonialism on First Nations people, linguistic imperialism in India, the colonization of Papua New Guinea, and British rule and linguistic imperialism in Hong Kong.]]> 2021-04-09 17:33:42 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400915659 alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400924793 Traditional education which taught ancient languages of Sanskrit and Persian were replaced by Anglocentric curriculum. The key goal for these setters was described by Thomas Macaulay in 1835 as:  
 
“Class of persons Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, in morals, and in intellect” (Bureau of Education, 1965) 
]]> 2021-04-09 17:35:54 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1400924793 alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401038509 2021-04-09 18:03:51 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401038509 Language Divide alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401040975 Language was a tool used to remove any conspiracy between Indian subjects, for hope that this would halt an uprising or unifying of oppressed groups. It also created a dependency on a language for all forms of economy (trade and commerce). English became a language that was also used for “formal and sophisticated” tasks in society’s functioning (education and administrative tasks). This created a divide between the states within India, where some spoke Hindi (the main language) and others did not. To resolve this issue, English was adopted as an official language along with Hindi in 1950 to avoid conflicts between these states. It is important to note that an almost parallel account of the linguistic imperialism that was sweeping colonized Africa at the time.  ]]> 2021-04-09 18:04:28 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401040975 The Rise of English in India alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401046743 2021-04-09 18:05:51 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401046743 Real World Impact alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401052392 The real-world impact of this is great as many people to this day cannot speak any language aside from English because that is the only source of education they receive—Montessori and catholic schools still govern the strict use of English. Additionally, this also created a gap between indigenous Indian populations and the rest of society, by deeming native language and culture as “uncivilized” in comparison to European-based traditions. ]]> 2021-04-09 18:07:20 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401052392 Colonization of Papua New Guinea alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401077230 A timeline of colonization in Papua New Guinea ]]> 2021-04-09 18:14:04 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401077230 1889-1921 A German Colony alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401078403
  • A “Hands off” Colony 
  • Plans were being made to change that before they lost control 
  • Use mostly English 
  • Most people already knew some English
  • Prominent business spoke English 
  • Only lasting influence of German is names of places, and certain words 
  • Geographical places named in German used when no appropriate indigenous names or when something passed through multiple language groups, Ie. river, forest, mountain range
  • Missionaries Baptising gave a second German name to natives 
  • Schools were run by Missionaries 
  • Often a local language was chosen 
    • ]]>     2021-04-09 18:14:25 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401078403     1921 - 1975 Australian Colony alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401160915
  • In 1960’s international pressure forced Australia to “create an educated elite and improve social conditions, boost the economy, and develop political structures in preparation for decolonization”  
    • ]]>     2021-04-09 18:37:47 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401160915     Post Independence alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401167391
  • No strong relation between Germany and Papua New Guinea 
  • Very few German locations renamed 
  • Many universities have a Bismarck club 
  • No place to formerly learn German anymore 
  • All Association between Germany and German words have been removed 
    • ]]>     2021-04-09 18:39:41 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401167391     alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401170175 Investments into developing the colony only came when natural resources were found or due to international pressure. A primary motive for colonization was economic. We can see when natural resources or other economically enticing prospects are found more money is devoted to these colonies which in turn leads to education and language erasure from many local populations. There are 850 languages in Papua New Guinea, making it the most linguistically diverse country in the world.]]> 2021-04-09 18:40:28 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401170175 Call to Action alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401185915 To make any language flourish so that it does not disapear due to linguistic imperialism, we have decided on a few aspects that must be present. ]]> 2021-04-09 18:45:15 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401185915 1. Positive Attitude alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401189384 A positive attitude toward the language must be present. Positive attitudes towards the language must translate into positive language practices in the community (reading, writing, conversing, singing, storytelling, teaching).]]> 2021-04-09 18:46:15 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401189384 alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401193357 2021-04-09 18:47:27 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401193357 2. Pride alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401195906 Individuals speaking the language must be proud to identify with said language.]]> 2021-04-09 18:48:13 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401195906 3. Language Diversity- Dialect alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401201667 The many different variations of the language due to the language being present in different parts of the world, dialect, slang, accents, etc, must be taken into perspective and must be recorded to ensure that ALL parts of the language in all of its habitats are respected and studied equally.

    Ex. In both Northern America and England, English is one of the main languages that is spoken, if someone from England comes to North America and goes to a restaurant asking for “chips” they will receive a bag of lays, when what they really wanted was what North Americans call “french fries” ]]>     2021-04-09 18:50:00 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401201667     alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401224334 2021-04-09 18:57:02 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401224334 4. Close Contact alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401227332 Do any other languages come into close contact with said language ? “Close contact” can mean a variety of things, some examples being:  
    • French and English being taught in schools together, French immersion programs happening in a school where there is also a teaching stream that is English can create “groups”, or a divide between kids, how does this contact affect the children's view on language? 
    • Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Slovenia, are all different countries, with their own “language” but there are many language overlaps which makes it possible for someone who speaks Croatian to speak to someone who speaks Serbian (historically they were all the same country, so this makes sense, but over time the languages have adapted so that sometimes it is not possible to have a full meaningful conversation) -all these countries have linguistic contact, it is important to recognize how they came to be, how they work together, and how they are divided by their differences. 
    • Michif is a language spoken by Métis people, it is a language that shares many similarities with Cree and French, but it also borrows from languages such as English and Indigenous languages. Learning about the amazing history of this language that represents so many languages that are active in Canada, can help to understand the language and help it flourish.  
    ]]>     2021-04-09 18:57:59 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401227332     5. Education Systems alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401239213 Linguistic research on ANY language and its findings should be shared in the education systems where the said language is being learned to ensure for a cohesive understanding of a language and its many differences. ]]> 2021-04-09 19:01:51 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401239213 Alexandria Zielinsky's Citations alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401283107 BCcampus. “Colonization.” https://opentextbc.ca/indigenizationfoundations/chapter/43/.

    Binsky, Drew. “Inside Papua New Guinea: Land of 860 Languages.” Youtube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zi6g-8fH3i0.

    Galante, Angelica. “Linguicism & Linguistic Imperialism.” Youtube, https://youtu.be/OFW-SnKM24Y.

    Government of Canada. “Indigenous Languages Act S.C. 2019, c. 23.” https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/I-7.85/page-1.html.

    High Five. “Indigenous Games for Children.” https://www.nscrd.com/uploads/document/files/indigenous-games-for-children-en.pdf.

    Historica Canada. “Heritage Minutes: Chanie Wenjack.” Youtube, https://youtu.be/v_tcCpKtoU0.

    Indigenous Foundations UBC. “The Residential School System.” https://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca/the_residential_school_system/.

    Khelsilem, and TEDxWestVancouverED. “Canada Needs Thriving Indigenous Languages.” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljBjUbVWmbQ.

    Migge, Bettina, and Isabelle Léglise. “Language and Colonialism.” January 2007, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288879026_Language_and_colonialism.

    Rice, Keren. “Indigenous Language Revitalization in Canada.” The Canadian Encylopedia, 17 April 2020, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/indigenous-language-revitalization-in-canada.

    Rowe, Bruce M., and Diane P. Levine. Concise Introduction To Linguistics. Routledge, 2016.

    University of Victoria. “Indigenous Language Revitalization.” https://www.uvic.ca/education/areas-study/indigenous-language/index.php.
    ]]>     2021-04-09 19:15:36 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401283107     History https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401824144 Colonialism dates back roughly 500 years to 1494 when Portugal began its trade focused expansion into the world. These roots in economic interests would be a through line for the rest of colonial history. By the time the English, French and Dutch and started their own colonial empires, a colony's worth was determined by its economic benefit to the colonists. In this paradigm colonies would produce exotic and raw goods to be sold in Europe.  ]]> 2021-04-10 00:42:23 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401824144 https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401825684 Colonial practices motivated by economic interests would have great influence over the local culture and often altering it permanently. Many of these changes are still fresh in modern culture, as most decolonization occurred post world war 2, with Macau being decolonized as recently as 1999.

    “finance is rather the governor of the imperial engine” (Hobson).]]>     2021-04-10 00:43:57 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401825684     Decolonization https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401826891 Brief look at the rapid decolonization.]]> 2021-04-10 00:45:11 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401826891 1898 Colonial empires https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401831233 2021-04-10 00:49:25 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1401831233 British Rule and Linguistic Imperialism in Hong Kong alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408248477 Often recognized for it’s utilitarian method of jurisdiction before being handed over to China in sovereignty post-colonialism, Hong Kong was a free-trade utopia—built off of the backs of the poor and English-illiterate. The less the population could understand, the better.  ]]> 2021-04-12 16:31:23 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408248477 alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408255113 Prior to 1997, Hong Kong was ruled under British Empire. This resulted in numerous allocations: 
    • All governance and jurisdictions were done in English
    • British leaders’ sought after power and money above all else (even the wellbeing and safety of Hong Kong citizens)
    • Strict rules and laws were formed to hinder the native Chinese citizens
    • Harsh punishments were set in place to control anyone who may have strayed away from the British idealism.  
    ]]>     2021-04-12 16:32:36 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408255113     alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408280090 Pictured below are native Hong Kong chair carriers supporting their military leader, who is of British descent. This is a good visual of the class systems that were set in place during the time Hong Kong spent under British rule.]]> 2021-04-12 16:36:59 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408280090 alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408289467 The three official languages of Hong Kong are Cantonese, Putonghua, and now, English. Yet pre-decolonization, English was seen as a luxury and was only spoken/understood by the elite. ]]> 2021-04-12 16:38:41 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408289467 alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408293093 Fast forward to today, English is still held in high regard and non-English dwellers are often seen as incompetent and lower class. Only the most elite and wealthy students are given the chance to learn English. After the handover to China in  1997, the Hong Kong Education Department created a policy governing where and to whom English was taught. Descendants from wealthy, prestigious households were introduced to the English language in primary school. Poorer students whose families did not have the economic means to benefit from the system were often left behind, losing the privilege to learn the ‘richest language in the world’ altogether. ]]> 2021-04-12 16:39:21 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408293093 alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408296732 2021-04-12 16:39:59 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408296732 alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408300908 Though no longer under British rule, the mark left on this Chinese region is undeniable. Many laws introduced during the era of colonization are still in place--unchanged and just as restrictive. The region still benefits from keeping lower-class citizens in the dark in regards to the use of the English language and government laws. A few of the punishments used by the British are still used to oppress the lower class and maintain ‘order,’ such as curfews and internet blackouts. Non-English speakers are left to fend for themselves and are often regarded as lazy and unworthy. Hong Kong now has a deep capitalist wound that will affect future generations for years to come. ]]> 2021-04-12 16:40:40 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408300908 alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408337197 2021-04-12 16:47:09 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408337197 Conclusion alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408349658 The term Linguistic Imperialism was coined in the 1930s, but the act of linguistic and cultural assertion is centuries old. In many ways, linguistic imperialism is the New World Order. The English language has dominated the world, emasculating native languages, diminishing them, and deeming them as second-class. In recognizing those that have suffered at the hands of colonialism and linguistic imperialism, we also recognize the strides that the world has made forward since its inception. ]]> 2021-04-12 16:49:17 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408349658 Citations alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408379455 Sorted by each group member, in alphabetical order from first name. Image links last.]]> 2021-04-12 16:54:26 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408379455 Ishani Dasgupta's Citations alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408383224 Bureau of Education. (1965). Selections from Educational Records, Part I (1781-1839). Sharp, H. ed. Delhi: National Archives of India 
     
    Java Point. (n.d.). How many languages in India: Official Languages in India. Retrieved from https://www.javatpoint.com/how-many-languages-in-india 
     
    Timeless Imperium. (2018, October 12). Linguistic Imperialism: Language and Power in India. Retrieved from https://timelessimperium.wordpress.com/2016/10/28/linguistic-imperialism-in-india-a-paradox/ 
     
    UK Essays. (November 2018). Impact of Linguistic Imperialism. Retrieved from https://www.ukessays.com/essays/linguistics/impact-of-linguistic-imperialism.php?vref=1 
    ]]>     2021-04-12 16:55:08 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408383224     Adrienne Richter Powell's Citations alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408389306 Betancourt, Juan Fernando. “Colonialism in the Periphery: Spanish Linguistic Policy in New Granada, c. 1574–1625.” Colonial Latin American Review, vol. 23, no. 2, 2014, pp. 118–142., doi:10.1080/10609164.2014.917540.

    Noah, Trevor, director. "How The British Took Over India" - TREVOR NOAH (from "Afraid Of The Dark" on Netflix). 27 Feb. 2021, www.youtube.com/watch?v=QhMO5SSmiaA. Accessed 14 Apr. 2021. 

    Punyagupta, Pirawat, director. Linguistic Imperialism | Pirawat Punyagupta | TEDxBangkokPatanaSchool. 3 July 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQjoZmj1NlQ. Accessed 14 Apr. 2021. 

    Migge, Bettina, and Isabelle Léglise. “Language and Colonialism.” January 2007, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288879026_Language_and_colonialism.
     
    ]]>     2021-04-12 16:56:12 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408389306     Fareed Shar Hussain's Citations alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408394130 Magdoff, Harry , Webster, Richard A. and Nowell, Charles E.. "Western colonialism". Encyclopedia Britannica, Invalid Date, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Western-colonialism. Accessed 15 April 2021.

     Mühlhahn, Klaus. The Cultural Legacy of German Colonial Rule, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2017. https://doi-org.proxy.lib.uwaterloo.ca/10.1515/9783110525625

    Jackson, Richard T. and Standish, William. "Papua New Guinea". Encyclopedia Britannica, Invalid Date, https://www.britannica.com/place/Papua-New-Guinea. Accessed 15 April 2021.

    Explainer- United Nations and Decolonization: Past to Present. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIg061CTxvs.

    Hobson, John A. “Imperialism a Study.” https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/hobson-imperialism-a-study.
    ]]>     2021-04-12 16:57:03 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408394130     Meeka Nelson's Citations alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408399504 Phillipson, Robert. “(PDF) Linguistic Imperialism / R. Phillipson.” ResearchGate, Dec. 2018, www.researchgate.net/publication/31837620_Linguistic_Imperialism_R_Phillipson. 
     
     Shakib, Mohammad Khosravi. The Position of Language in Development of Colonization. 2011,https://academicjournals.org/article/article1379500755_Shakib.pdf. 
    ]]>     2021-04-12 16:58:01 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408399504     Natachez Feare's Citations alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408404384 asianometry. “Colonial Hong Kong's Racist Past.” Youtube, 1 Nov. 2020, www.youtube.com/watch?v=sxTjbpmKTvM.

    Choi, Po King. "‘The best students will learn English’: ultra‐utilitarianism and linguistic imperialism in education in post‐1997 Hong Kong." J. Education Policy 18.6 (2003): 673-694.

    Edwards, John, Sen John Edwards, and Edwards John, eds. Language in Canada. Cambridge University Press, 1998.

    Keybros. “Hong Kong's Colonial Past: A Different Perspective.” YouTube, 12 June 2020, www.youtube.com/watch?v=9MeCVf2n7kw&t=44s.

    Oxley, D. H. "Victoria Barracks 1842-1979." Hong Kong: Headquarters British Forces Hong Kong (1979): 25., https://wellcomelibrary.org/item/b19273022 

    ]]>     2021-04-12 16:58:55 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408404384     Image Citation alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408406983 “Banner with group smiling people standing together in line on beige.” Freepik, https://www.freepik.com/free-vector/banner-with-group-smiling-people-standing-together-line-beige-portrait-happy-crowd-persons_12873009.htm.

    “Chips.” Meme, https://me.me/i/crisps-chips-frech-fries-chips-chips-chips-chips-meme-d63fa11bb66c45caae5a80e870326aba.

    “eSchool News.” How does culture impact our ability to learn?, https://www.eschoolnews.com/2018/04/17/culture-impact-ability-learn/.

    “Many people of different professions are talking.” Freepik, https://www.freepik.com/premium-vector/many-people-different-professions-are-talking_7298423.htm.

    MYSOFTWAREQUALITY    , https://mysoftwarequality.wordpress.com/tag/bdd/.

    North Shore News, https://www.nsnews.com/local-news/squamish-nation-councillor-welcomes-investment-in-language-education-3069387.

    “Racial, ethnic and cultural diversity.” Norton Rose Fulbright, https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/en-fr/about/diversity-and-inclusion/racial-ethnic-and-cultural-diversity.

    “Toothy Smiley Face.” PicMonkey, https://www.picmonkey.com/graphics/emoji/toothy-smiley-face.

    Vecteezy, https://www.vecteezy.com/vector-art/274443-young-people-around-the-world.

     “World 1914 empires colonies territory.” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_1914_empires_colonies_territory.PNG

    “Map of eastern New Guinea from the 10th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, c. 1902.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/place/Papua-New-Guinea/The-colonial-period#/media/1/442191/156146. 
    ]]>     2021-04-12 16:59:25 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408406983     alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408511229 Though many languages have become extinct at the hands of the British, linguistic colonialism has allowed for the world to become inter-communicative. The imposition of the English language allows us to now travel to foreign countries, and for the most part, find common ground within the spoken word.  ]]> 2021-04-12 17:18:19 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408511229 alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408513740 When looking at the historical contexts of certain countries who have (oftentimes forcibly) adopted the English language, it is clear how linguistic imperialism has shaped the very core of these countries.  
    Undoubtedly, like money, English has become universal. 
    ]]>     2021-04-12 17:18:46 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408513740     alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408541803 2021-04-12 17:23:48 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408541803 The End! alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408545978 2021-04-12 17:24:33 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408545978 La Fin! alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408551710 2021-04-12 17:25:37 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408551710 El Fin! alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408556697 2021-04-12 17:26:30 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1408556697 Example: Thailand a4richte https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1418476121 This TedTalk describes the importance of linguistic imperialism in Thailand ]]> 2021-04-14 20:47:57 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1418476121 For a laugh a4richte https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1418483527 A humorous look at how colonization happened according to Trevor Noah]]> 2021-04-14 20:50:46 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1418483527 Short Video Explaining Linguicism and Linguistic Imperalism alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1421265408 2021-04-15 14:27:56 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1421265408 alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1421320422 2021-04-15 14:37:54 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1421320422 Man from Papua New Guinea speaks about colonizers effect on the country alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1421416288 2021-04-15 14:54:52 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1421416288 alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1421437347 2021-04-15 14:58:32 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1421437347 Fun Indigenous games for everyone! alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1421558710 These games can help people to interact with Native American culture.]]> 2021-04-15 15:20:57 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1421558710 Travels to Papua New Guinea alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1421758992 Youtuber Drew Binsky travels to Papua New Guinea and learns about the various languages present]]> 2021-04-15 15:56:55 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1421758992 alexandriazielinsky https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1422508032 2021-04-15 18:16:18 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1422508032 Map of Colonial Papua New Guinea (1902) https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1423023211 Can see colonial division as well as German geographic names]]> 2021-04-15 20:23:34 UTC https://padlet.com/alexandriazielinsky/k06t2joonnwpa65y/wish/1423023211