https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb Click on the link provided on the daily agenda called "cell Specialization explained", watch only the parts on Stem cells and cell specialization (you may look at other tabs in your own time) then construct a response in your own words explaining: If Cells all have the same DNA how do they differentiate (specialize)? en-us 2016-11-14 15:21:38 UTC 2016-11-15 23:09:06 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137501578 Cells differentiate when the embryo of a vertebrae initially form. They specialize because of the genetic code AKA DNA inside of them telling them what organelles to grow, how to grow them, and how to function. All the genes in a cell that aren't needed for that specific cell's function will be turned off, and its ability to be converted into other types of cells for the body is gone. ;)

]]> 2016-11-14 18:48:54 UTC https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137501578 ppaskevicius https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137552737 Every cell in the human body has the same exact starting point, a fertilized egg. Therefore, theoretically, each cell contains the same DNA. The reason that each cell is different is because each gene does a different thing. The genes can eventually become protein and the protein is what determines what the cell does.]]> 2016-11-14 20:55:06 UTC https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137552737 https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137573018 All cells have the same DNA, but they differentiate based on which genes are turned off. As cells specialize, more genes are turned off that are not needed. Stem cells have the capacity to perform almost any function, but begin to differ throughout the specialization process. The genes stimulate proteins that carry out functions in the cell. ]]> 2016-11-14 22:34:20 UTC https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137573018 https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137576525 Every single cell in a person has the same exact DNA (unless mutated). They differentiate, or specialize by expressing only a few genes, or a recipe from the cook book. The more specialized the cell, the less genes are expressed. Stem cells have the potential to become many different kinds of cells, and are the predecessors of all differentiated cells.]]> 2016-11-14 22:55:09 UTC https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137576525 https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137576592 Each cell starts off as a neutral cell however, the genetic program within them tells theme what kind of cell they must become in order to serve a specific function, they have the genes of that they don't need to serve "turned off." Some cells are more difficult to "turn off" ie adult stem cells are more difficult to turn off than embryonic stem cells.]]> 2016-11-14 22:55:47 UTC https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137576592 scjansenvanvuuren https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137577107 Each cells begins as a job fluid cell however, the ways in that certain genes are expressed within the cells' DNA determines what type of cell it will become and what job to do.]]> 2016-11-14 22:59:51 UTC https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137577107 dlfoo https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137578397 All cells have the exact copy of DNA each, however, they do differ from one another due to cell specialisation. In cell specialisation, some genes encoded within the DNA is turned off, or are not expressed if the cell does not require it to perform its specific functions. For example, a nerve cell does not need the genes that allows a liver cell to undergo its specific metabolic reactions, vice versa. From the first few stages after fertilisation, all embryos, regardless of species all undergo cell specialisation. Only after cells become fully specialised, can they never become any other type of cells. Only a few types can become cells of another tissue and function. They are called Stem Cells.]]> 2016-11-14 23:10:51 UTC https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137578397 https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137579553 All cells have the same DNA so to be able to specialize, they have to express different genes and leave off others. Once they have specialized, they cannot go back. This means that once a cell has become a brain cell, it cannot then change into a lung cell. Embryonic stem cells are cells that have not yet specialized and can be turned into any type of cell. Adult stem cells have already specialized making them less versatile.]]> 2016-11-14 23:21:16 UTC https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137579553 https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137583746 Each cell has the same DNA (genetic material, that can be viewed as chromosomes during mitosis) and therefore all the genes necessary to sustain life. Cells specialize after genes are "turned off" when they are not needed, for example hair cells do not need the dental enamel gene. In this way, cells specialize. Embryonic cells, found in embryos are un-specialized, meaning they can conform to whatever special cell they need to be. ]]> 2016-11-15 00:06:43 UTC https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137583746 https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137584465 All cells contain the entire genome within its nucleus, however many of the genes within the entire DNA sequence are "turned off". The ability to turn off the genes that are not needed to perform a specific function is how cells become specialized to performing a certain task. When those genes are turned off, the cell loses its ability to become converted into another type of cell. 

]]> 2016-11-15 00:14:16 UTC https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137584465 https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137590287 All vertebrates start off as one fertilized egg cell that divides to form new ones. All the cells contain the same DNA, but they must become specialized cells to be able to create the different parts needed to make a body. As the cell specializes some genes that aren't needed to perform the certain task that the cell specializes in are turned off. The more specialized a cell becomes, the more genes are being turned off. In the end the cell can only carry out the tasks that they have genes for. ]]> 2016-11-15 01:08:38 UTC https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137590287 astewatia https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137591945 Cells differentiate and specialize so that they may build different kinds of tissues for vital organs in your body. Almost all cells in your body contain the complete set of genes that are necessary to build and maintain a human being. However, when a cell needs to become more specialized, it "turns off" genes that are not necessary for the are in which they specialize. After certain genes are shut off, a cell is no longer able to specialize in anything other else.]]> 2016-11-15 01:22:40 UTC https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137591945 adnauman https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137595187 All organisms start out as a sperm and and egg cell, with one copy of DNA that will be replicated when the cells divide during the life of that organism. But to become developed and complex organisms, cells need to be able to create various different body parts. A cell does this by using certain genes to perform functions that will create a specific body part. Once that gene has been used, it turns off, so that only whatever number of body parts is needed is created. This happen throughout the cell cycle, and all genes are used to make certain parts of the organism.]]> 2016-11-15 01:45:45 UTC https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137595187 achemerisov https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137596220 All cells start by containing the same DNA, they contain all DNA to be able to function properly. After some time, these cells will be needed to do different jobs. At this point, the cell can "turn off" the unneeded or useless DNA so they can properly function at the job they are needed at. This causes the cells to be specialized and do different things within the body.]]> 2016-11-15 01:52:12 UTC https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137596220 jjeifler https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137596435 All cells in the human body start as fertilized eggs, with the same DNA. Each cell, however, uses its genes differently. Each individual cell has the ability to determine if that gene is "on" or "off". The genes that are not needed/used for the function of the cell are turned off, creating unique cells. Also, a cell can enhance the expression of a gene, making the cells even more specialized. ]]> 2016-11-15 01:53:44 UTC https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137596435 https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137596523 Each cell is made up the complete set of genes necessary to maintain the human body. As they become specialized they have the ability to" turn off" the genes that they do not have use for. This makes them more specialized, and unable to convert into another type of cell once those genes are "turned off" which is why adult cells are much less versatile than embryonic stem cells.]]> 2016-11-15 01:54:27 UTC https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137596523 https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137606396 All cells have the same DNA but they differentiate on what they are used for. This causes cells to specialize and become a certain type of cell, such as a red blood cell. This is because some of the genes in the DNA are expressed or turned off, causing cell specialization. Stem cells have the power to perform any function in the body that they like, but as genes are expressed, they start to specialize into certain types of cells that can perform more specific functions to help the human body.]]> 2016-11-15 03:29:31 UTC https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137606396 https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137613069 All cells start off as a fertilized egg, but they "turn off" the genes that they don't need. This makes the cells more specialized with the purpose to perform a specific task. Embryonic stem cells are not specialized and can convert into another type of cell.]]> 2016-11-15 04:40:47 UTC https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137613069 ehchoi https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137619725 All cells contain the DNA to have the genetic information to do everything your body needs to however when differentiating it turns off genes it does not need. Once the gene it turned off it is generally the end of that cell's ability to be made a different cell]]> 2016-11-15 06:30:52 UTC https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137619725 ehchoi https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137620093 After a cell is fertilized it has all the DNA it needs for all/any body functions however as it is being specialized it can turn off some genes in the DNA for a specific body function then making it a completely different cell. Once the genes are turned off or on they are usually stuck as that cell. This is also why embryonic stem cells are more versatile than adult stem cells]]> 2016-11-15 06:36:44 UTC https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137620093 https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137808378 Each cell that is made has the same set of DNA but once it specializes later in time, it is then classified as a type of cell the the organism needs. For example, two cells can be created with the same DNA but one can go to serve a different function than a different cell. These cells also have the power to turn on and off and when they cells are off, they don't use the genes for other functions and once they are more and more specialized, they can carry out less tasks.

]]> 2016-11-15 16:56:57 UTC https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137808378 https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137882312 Every cell has the same DNA, but differentiate on which enzymes are being turned off. However, cells still need to be able to create various body parts, so they use certain genes to perform functions to form those specific body parts. ]]> 2016-11-15 19:30:34 UTC https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137882312 https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137935569 All cells contain the same DNA, but all cells also contain the ability to turn genes "on" and "off." By regulating said genes so that only the necessary ones are turned on, cells are able to differentiate and focus on their specific job. (For example, hair cells don't need dental enamel to perform their job, so that gene is turned off.) Once the unneeded genes are turned off, the cell is then generally unable to convert itself into another type of cell.]]> 2016-11-15 22:57:04 UTC https://padlet.com/bkwalsh/jynz4g3qputb/wish/137935569