Macromolecule E-montage 2018 by Ding Li Ying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl CIMP Biology en-us 2018-08-08 16:12:48 UTC 2018-08-12 10:19:32 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/icons/Clouds.png F U N C T I O N dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272360134 There is an incredible diverse type of proteins in the body. The body houses to more than tens of thousands of proteins, and each one has a differing function.

All these proteins are made of amino acid joined by peptide bonds. They all have the four levels of organization.

Catalyst: Catalytic proteins are large groups of proteins that speed up a biological reaction.

Transport: These proteins are responsible for transporting small molecules such as blood. Proteins residing in cell membrane transport molecules into or out of the cell.

Structural: Likes its name, these proteins provide structural support with its fibres. They give structure to bones, tendons, skin, hair, nails, claws and beaks.

Movement: This proteins gives organism the ability to move by muscle contraction, a process which requires the interactions between proteins actin and myosin.

Regulatory: This protein regulate cell activity. Proteins such as hormone carry signals between cells and regulate its activity. They also regulate cellular activity by altering genetic code.

Defence: Defensive proteins protect the body from diseases. Antibodies are proteins that fight against bacteria and viral infections. ]]> 2018-08-08 16:12:48 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272360134 S T R U C T U R E dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272360139 The recipe of making proteins are found in segments of DNA called genes. Proteins are composed of chains of amino acids which are bonded covalently through a peptide bond. In total, there are 20 amino acids which make up one protein.

Amino acids are able to make up a variety of differing shapes. Due to the diverse arrangement of amino acid, the function of the protein is categorised based on its shape.

Chemically, an amino acid is composed of a central Carbon atom, with a carboxyl side group, amino side group, a Hydrogen atom and a 'R' group. The R group can be composed of anything, and it determines the amino acid's shape and properties. ]]> 2018-08-08 16:12:48 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272360139 E X A M P L E S dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272509933 In general, food products that provide proteins are red meat, seafood, eggs, beans and peas.

On a more specific chemical scale, examples include:
Catalyst - amylase, sucrase
Transport - hemoglobin, ion channel proteins
Structural - collagen, keratin
Movement - Myosin, actin
Regulatory - hormones, neurotransmitters
Defence - antibodies.

Enzymes
Many proteins are enzymes. An enzymes is a biological macromolecule that speed up the rate of a reaction. They do this by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to take place. 

Enzymes work by interacting with a substrate. Enzymes have indentations called an active side. During a reaction, the substrate fit into the enzyme, and the enzyme will adjust its active side to accommodate the substrate. 

]]> 2018-08-09 16:04:22 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272509933 dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272626619 Proteins are one of four major macromolecule in living things. They are classified into specific groups based on their differing functions. 

In the human body, proteins are responsible for carrying out most of the body's function. Our hair, fingernail, bones and muscle are all made of or by protein. ]]> 2018-08-10 14:10:08 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272626619 dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272628471 What are Proteins?. Retrieved from https://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/basics/proteins/]]> 2018-08-10 14:26:18 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272628471 Amino Acid and Peptide Bond dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272628730 2018-08-10 14:28:34 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272628730 dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272628963 2018-08-10 14:30:04 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272628963 Levels of Organization dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272629262 2018-08-10 14:31:56 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272629262 A general introduction dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272629292 2018-08-10 14:32:11 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272629292 Structure: Organizations dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272629546 Proteins can be split into four different groups of organisation.

[Refer to Additional Resources on the right for visual representations]

Primary Structure
Consisting of a linear sequence, peptide bonds link amino acids into a long chain, thus creating a polypeptide chain.

Secondary Structure
Due to the polar attraction of peptide bonds, as a result hydrogen bonding occurs between C=O and N-H. Thus, the intermolecular force creates 2 possible shapes: a coil shapes alpha helix or a folded pleat beta pleated sheet. 

Tertiary Structure
Tertiary structure involves the three-dimensional folding of a protein due to interactions of amino acid side chains. The tertiary structure shape is defined by the individual protein's hydrophobic effect. Polar hydrophilic groups will likely move towards the aqueous environment, whereas non-polar hydrophobic groups will clump together, standing as far away from aqueous solution.

Quaternary Structure
This structure consist of more than one polypeptide. Its visual representation looks like a clump of many tertiary structure. ]]> 2018-08-10 14:34:13 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272629546 More information on levels of organization dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272630896 2018-08-10 14:42:27 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272630896 dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272633049 PROTEIN STRUCTURE -- OUTLINE. Retrieved from http://www.tusculum.edu/faculty/home/ivanlare/html/genetics/protein-master.html]]> 2018-08-10 14:55:32 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272633049 Protein Functions dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272634742 2018-08-10 15:06:30 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272634742 Food Products Rich in Protein dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272635155 2018-08-10 15:09:48 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272635155 Hemoglobin: Transport Protein dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272635538 2018-08-10 15:12:47 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272635538 Enzyme Lowering Activation Energy dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272636174 2018-08-10 15:16:34 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272636174 dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272636992 2018-08-10 15:21:54 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272636992 dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272637091 Lipids are one of four major macromolecule in living things. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 

Lipids are efficient for energy storage, thus they are known as the secondary source of long term energy after carbohydrate. In the human body, lipids are responsible for insulation against heat loss, cushioning major organs and make up cell membranes. In animals and plants, lipids provide water-repelling coat of furs, feathers, and leaves. ]]> 2018-08-10 15:22:40 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272637091 S T R U C T U R E dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272637931 Lipids are generally split into two categories, the first is glycerol, and the second is steroid.

[Refer to Additional Resources on the right for visual representations]

GLYCEROL
Triglyceride
Triglyceride are used for energy storage. It is composed of one glycerol and three fatty acid. Fatty acids are made of a long hydrocarbon chain ending with an carboxyl group (C=O and OH). They can be either saturated or unsaturated. Saturated fatty acids have no double bond, whereas unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bond.

The presence of double bonds affects the overall shape. Cis double bonds cause long hydrocarbons to bend at an angle, this causes a change in physical properties.

Phospholipids
Phospholipids is the main component of cell membranes. Similar to a triglyceride, this lipid is composed of one glycerol, 2 fatty acid, one phosphate group and one 'R' group. The R group determines the type of phospholipid. The "head" of a phospholipid is polar, making it hydrophilic, and the "tail" is non-polar, thus hydrophobic. Therefore, the opposing forces causes it to form a phospholipid bilayer in which the hydrophilic head faces the aqueous solution and the hydrophobic tails face in wards.

STEROIDS
Steroids are composed of four carbon rings attached to one another. Its function depends on the arrangement of atoms in the ring and the functional group attached. 

Waxes
Waxes have a variety of different chemical structure, often with long carbon chains. They are normally solid in room temperature.
]]> 2018-08-10 15:28:19 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272637931 A general introduction dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272638010 2018-08-10 15:28:52 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272638010 Triglyceride dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272640044 2018-08-10 15:41:35 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272640044 Phospholipid Bilayer dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272641410 2018-08-10 15:51:08 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272641410 Enzyme and Substrate Complex dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272641521 2018-08-10 15:51:47 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272641521 Waxes and Steroids dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272642354 2018-08-10 15:57:14 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272642354 F U N C T I O N dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272642913 Triglyceride
Triglycerides that are saturated are generally solids at room temperature. These lipids are responsible for storing long term energy - an energy source used after carbohydrates and it acts as a cushion which protects organs. They also provide insulation from heat loss.

Phospholipid
Phospholipids are the main components in cell membrane and they are important to the cell's ability to function. They function by changing their shape to accommodate any changes in cellular volume, and adapts to the physical constraints. They function by allowing small molecules like oxygen or hydrocarbons to pass through freely, and preventing larger molecules such as glucose or water to pass through.

Steroid
Cholesterol is a type of steroid present in the blood of animals. They are used to make essential molecules such as hormones, and bile acid to digest food. Hormones such as testosterone is produced to regulate sexual function, and helps in building bones and muscles. Estrogen is produced to regulate sexual function in females, and acts as a storage of fat.

Waxes
Waxes have a variety of functions. In plants, waxes coat the surface of leaves to prevent water from escaping and repels insects. In animals, waxes are present on skin, fur, feather, and the exoskeleton of insects. The wax in animals form protective layers. ]]> 2018-08-10 16:00:20 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272642913 dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272644843 Sothern, M. (2018). What Are the Primary Functions of Phospholipids?. Retrieved from https://sciencing.com/primary-functions-phospholipids-7349125.html]]> 2018-08-10 16:13:55 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272644843 Steroid: Testosterone and Estrogen dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272645461 2018-08-10 16:20:56 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272645461 Waxes dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272645565 2018-08-10 16:22:00 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272645565 E X A M P L E S dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272645775 Triglyceride - lard, butter, vegetable oil, olive oil

Phospholipid - phosphatidylcholine

Steroid - cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone, anabolic steroid

Waxes -  earwax, beeswax, spermaceti]]> 2018-08-10 16:23:55 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272645775 Triglyceride dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272646031 2018-08-10 16:26:25 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272646031 Phospholipid dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272646039 2018-08-10 16:26:31 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272646039 Cholesterol dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272646137 2018-08-10 16:27:21 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272646137 Beeswax dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272646225 2018-08-10 16:27:50 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272646225 dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272646365 2018-08-10 16:28:57 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272646365 dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272646411 Carbohydrate are one of four major macromolecule in living things. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen with the general formula of (CH2O)n, in which n represents the number of carbon atoms. 

Due to the high ratio of hydroxyl group and carbonyl groups, most carbohydrate are polar molecules and many dissolve in water. ]]> 2018-08-10 16:29:14 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272646411 A general introduction dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272646826 2018-08-10 16:32:11 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272646826 S T R U C T U R E dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272646858 Monosaccharide
When the number of Carbon atoms are 3-7, the carbohydrate is addressed as a simple sugar. These are referred to as monosaccharides, mono meaning one, and saccharide meaning sugar.  Monosaccharide are a single carbon monomer structure. Its 3D shapes differs, and the arrangement of hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl groups are differing as well. Despite its identical chemical composition, the differing isomers which are created, causes it to be different from one another.

Disaccharide
When two monosaccharides conjoin, they form a disaccharide, in which 'di' means two. As a result of the covalent bond, a glycosidic linkage is formed between the hydroxyl group of each monomer.

Polysaccharide
When many monosaccharide are joined together, they form a polysaccharide, in which 'poly' means many. The different ways in which the units are conjoined result in different shapes, thus results in having different functions. ]]> 2018-08-10 16:32:27 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272646858 Monosaccharides dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272647576 2018-08-10 16:37:36 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272647576 Dissacharide dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272647915 2018-08-10 16:40:24 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272647915 Polysaccharide dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272648258 2018-08-10 16:42:58 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272648258 F U N C T I O N dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272648303 Monosaccharide
The function of monosaccharides serves as a major fuel for cells and raw materials for building molecules. They are the main provider of energy source for most living things. 

Dissacharide
The body digest disaccharides in foods and breaks them into two individual sugar molecules. Similar to monosaccharides, they store energy.

Polysaccharide
Plants store glucose in the form of starch, and animal store glucose in the form of glycogen. These molecules store short-term energy usage, where in glucose is easily accessible by the cell. On the other hand cellulose, provide structural support for plant cell walls. ]]> 2018-08-10 16:43:19 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272648303 Carbohydrate dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272649947 2018-08-10 16:55:21 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272649947 E X A M P L E S dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272650039 Monosaccharide
Examples of common monosaccharides include glucose, fructose and galactose. All three are composed of C6H12O6, however, due to its differing isomers, the properties of each are different.

Glucose in the body is commonly referred to as blood sugar, because it is the first source of sugar that cells in the body uses.

Fructose is found in fruits, known as fruit sugar.

Galactose is sugar found in milk

Dissacharide
Examples of disaccharide are sucrose, lactose and maltose. These disaccharide are formed by combining two monosaccharide with a glycosidic linkage, in which two molecules are combined to produce a large product and water.

Sucrose is known as common table sugar, which is composed of glucose bonded with fructose.

Lactose are formed by combining galactose and glucose. Lactose is found in milk and other dairy product, Those who are lactose intolerant will react negatively to lactose and experience side effects after consuming such as diarrhoea or cramps.

Polysaccharide
Three common polysaccharides are cellulose, glycogen and starch. Plants store glucose in the form of starch, and animals store glucose in the form of glycogen. Cellulose provide structure to plant cell walls. Due to the glycosidic linkage, two possible results are produced. The alpha glucose and beta glucose. ]]> 2018-08-10 16:55:55 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272650039 Lactose dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272652222 2018-08-10 17:11:03 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272652222 Polysaccharide dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272694575 2018-08-11 03:52:30 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272694575 Carbohydrate Family Tree dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272694603 2018-08-11 03:53:20 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272694603 Breads are carbohydrates dingdongliying https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272694632 2018-08-11 03:54:13 UTC https://padlet.com/dingdongliying/jxyqly395rxl/wish/272694632