Kidney stones are also common, with 200,000 cases per year. There are many types of kidney stones; calcium, struvite, uric acid, and cystine. Each has a different cause. Calcium stones are the most common and come from when there is a higher than normal concentration of calcium or oxalate in urine. Symptoms associated with kidney stones include severe pain below ribs, pain in urination, nausea, vomiting, cloudy urine, fever, and persistent need to urinate. Doctors can diagnose kidney stones through blood and urine testing and x-rays. Small stones can be passed by drinking lots of water and taking lots of pain relievers. Larger stones can require surgery or need to be broken up using sound waves.

- Tonsils: There are two tonsils, each located at the back of the throat. They are 

 pink, covered in of crypts, which are depressions in the tonsils, and are made up of three kinds of tonsil, these types are lingual, palatine, and pharyngeal. The tonsils are the body’s first line of defense against any intruders coming through the throat. To do this, the tonsils release lymphocytes. These lymphocytes grab bacteria and other harmful intruders before they go any farther. This action prevents respiratory infection and other various problems that could be caused by the inhalation of other said infectious organisms. 

 - Adenoids: Adenoids are often associated with tonsils, but they are located above the tonsils. They do work together, but they aren’t the same thing. Adenoids also trap germs, like the tonsils, but are only in children and babies. They do very useful work, as a very young child can’t handle an infection or an illness very well. The adenoids are essentially extra protection for kids. These shrink after age five and are pretty much gone by age 13 or 14. Adenoids often swell as they try to fight off germs. This is a common issue that can lead to a stuffy nose, swollen glands, and ear problems and can be solved easily with antibiotics or removal. 

 - Spleen: The spleen can be found in the left side of the abdomen in between the ribs and the stomach. Spleens are composed of red pulp tissue and and white pulp tissue, both have different functions. The red cleans blood and replaces damaged cells, while the white assists the immune system. While the spleen filters the blood, it retains useful components so it can use them to build new red blood cells. While doing that, it can also grow and shrink to hold more or less blood. 

 - Thymus: The thymus is a gland located between the sternum and the heart. It is composed of two fibrous lobes and it grows through childhood and then goes on to shrink after puberty. This is because this gland becomes less necessary as you mature. This gland’s main function is to develop T cells. These cells defend the body against pathogens. To do this, the thymus takes immature T cells that come from the bone marrow and test them against various antigens. If the T cells are responsive against the antigens, they are allowed to divide and be spread. Through this process, only about 2% of these T cells make it to full maturity. 

 - Lymph nodes: Lymph nodes are oval/bean-shaped tissue masses that can be found throughout the body, but are found in their largest quantities in the armpits, groin, and neck. These nodes do two things, filter lymph and help construct immune responses. As lymph passes through the body, it can pick up dangerous pathogens. When the lymph passes through the lymph nodes, the bacteria, viruses, and fungi are filtered out. To help with the immune system, the lymph nodes contain B and T cells. B cells activate when they sense antigens in the system. This leads to the antigen being labelled as harmful and antibodies being created to fight it. The T cells go on to assist with getting rid of the harmful intruders. 

 - Appendix: This narrow, four-inch long organ can be found extending from the bottom of the cecum of the large intestine. While its function is debated, its function in the lymphatic system is thought to be that it contains helpful bacteria that helps us in times of illness or infection. The bacteria can survive in the appendix post-excretion. This allows it can re-grow in the intestines to help further fight infection.

 - Lacteals: Lacteals are lymphatic capillaries that are located in the small intestine. In the small intestine, they absorb fats. The lacteals function to transport chyle in the intestines. Chyle is a type of lymph that contains free fatty acids and is formed after the digestion of fats. The lacteals take this chyle and move it to the lymph vessels and then then to the cisterna chyli and finally to the thoracic duct. Through this transportation, the chyle gives its lymph and fat to the blood. 

     Tonsil stones are debris that ends up getting trapped and then calcifies on the tonsils. This is most common for people who have chronic tonsil inflammation or have tonsillitis frequently. Tonsil stones can lead to bad breath, a sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and ear pain. They can be removed at-home or surgically. Antibiotics and salt water gargles can also ease the symptoms. 

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     The endocrine system also works with the digestive system through the pancreas. The pancreas is very involved in both digestion and hormone secretion. When our bodies digest carbs, they get turned into sugars. The pancreas produces insulin in response to sugar in the body. The insulin regulates the breakdown/digestion of sugar. 

     Diabetes: Diabetes, or more specifically Type 1 Diabetes, is a common chronic condition caused by the pancreas not creating any or not enough insulin. This type of diabetes is also called Juvenile Diabetes, as its onset is at a very young age. This type of diabetes can lead to nerve damage, kidney damage, eye damage, pregnancy complications, among many other dangers. Diabetes isn’t technically curable, but it can be treated and people with diabetes can live a very normal life. Treatments include taking insulin, counting carbs, fats, and proteins, monitoring blood sugar, and exercise.