Strength

• voting over 21

• re-election every 7 years

• rights (speech/religeon)

Weakness

• article 48

  • too much power to president

• proportional representation

  • coalation form

• rosa luxemburg and Karl liebknecht (died during uprising)

• full scale revolution

Cause

• wanted to improve German worker life

Effect

• fail

• captured newspaper office and nothing else

• no support from other left wing (bad plan)

• crushed by army and Freikorps

• Freikorps mad at Treaty of V

• Freikorps refuse to hand back weapon aft defeating left wing

• want new gov under Wolfgang Kapp

effect

• 12,000 Freikorps marched into Berlin

• Army refuse to fire at former Soldier (Freikorp)

• gov escape to Weimar

• Kapp unable to Govern Berlin bc no support

• Kapp fled and nothing happen

• fail

• 60,000 French and Belgium

• 10 month

• worker go on strike

Cause

• French did not think Germany was 'broke'

Effect

• Germany print more money to pay workers

• hyperinflation

• Reparations

• Ruhr

Effect

• worker's wage cant keep up

• widespread poverty

• Gov Blamed

Stats

• bread price

  • july $3,000

  • Nov $201 billion

• papiermark (old) -> Rentenmark (temp)-> Reichsmark (new)

• New currency was quickly accepted

• Inflation under control

• some ppl mad due to lost saving

The Dawes Plan 1924

• loans from USA to give Germany a kick start

  • 800 mil loan to start

• pay over time

The Young Plan 1929

• reduce reparation

  • 6.6 bil to 2 bil

• led to removal of troops in Ruhr

• Saved money from lower reparations to cut tax and create more job

• nationalist mad as still pay reparations

• has to pay until 1988, endanger future

Foreign Policy

• 1925 locarno pact

  • respect borders + improve relations

• 1926 League of Nations

  • improve trust + peace

• 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact

  • solve international dispute w/ peace + restore Germany status

• Nullify Treaty of Versailles

• Lebensraum (expand German land to fit population)

• Building up strength of Army

• Only Aryans allowed to be citizens

Socialist

• Give every man employment

• Give all citizens equal rights

• Giving support for mother and children

SA

• make from former soldier who hated the Weimar Republic

• asserted power by intimidation & fighting

• led by Ernst Rohm

• SA grew

  • 1930 -> 400,000

  • 1934 -> 3 million

• resentment against Treaty of Versailles

• Weimar republic was 'fundamentally weak'

Short term cause

• Nazi was angered by french occupation of Ruhr

• Stresemann calling of passive resistance (in Ruhr)

• Weimar was fragile and Hitler thought Germans would support him

Short term consequence

• Hitler sent to prison for 5 years (reduced to 9 month)

• Fail

• Nazi party banned

Long term consequences

• Adv bc used his trial to give Nazi publicity

• Newspaper posts his Nazi ideas to public

Mein Kampf ( 12 mil sold from 1925 -> 1945)

• outline need to destroy democracy

• inferiority of Jews

Events

• 8th November

  • 600 SA troops threaten gov leader

  • Rohm took control of army HQ and police

  • Ludendorff secretly let leaders go

• 9th November

  • Hitler march w/ 1000 SA & 2000 volenteers

  • Lundendorff & Rohm arrested

  • Hitler fled then later arrested

  • 3 policemen & 16 Nazi dead

• bank lost billions

• whole world great depression

Unemployment

• US bank stop loans under Dawes plan

• German workers

  • By 1932, 24% german workers unemployed

• Lost faith in democracy

Hindenbrug

• 1930, used article 48 to bypass to give workers employment

How Nazi grew?

• Germans turned to extremist parties such as the Nazi to solve unemployment

  • they gained increasing support of the Germans

• Intimidation tactics

  • SS & SA fought to eliminate political opponents and protect the Nazi's

  • Gave Nazi a image of power

• Funding

  • Nazi could stage a good & well-funded campaign as they were funded millionaires:

    • Hugenberg

    • Krupp

• Hitler's personality

  • good public speaker

  • charismatic

Tactics

• propaganda

• flexible Nazi msg for different audiences

• for farmers & women (promised them that gov will stop taking their food and prioritize women)

• results

  • 1928 -> 2.6%

  • 1930 -> 18%

  • 1932 -> 37%

• in 1932, Hindenburg was re-elected as the President of Weimar republic

• in 1932, Nazi gained political power in Reichstag but Reichstag had no stable power

Chancellor

• in May 1932, Von Papen became chancellor after Brüning resigned

• in July 1932, Nazi became the biggest party and Hitler demanded that he become chancellor but was refused

• in November 1932, Von Papen resigned and Von Schleicher replaced him but he did not have support of the Nazis or people

Von Papen & Hindenburg secret pact

• Von Papen and Hindenburg wanted to make Hitler a 'puppet chancellor' and use his popularity for their benefit

• January 1933, Hitler become chancellor

• they underestimated Hitler's power and could not control him

• 27th Feb 1933

• Blamed on dutch communist

• arrested thousands of communists after

• effect:

  • it weakened the Weimar republic even more

  • it showed power

1933 German election

• nazi got 43.9% vote

• DNVP got 7.9%

• coalition laws need over 50% to rule

• nazi + DNVP has 51.9%

Enabling Act (March 1933)

• enabling act meant Hitler can make laws without the Reichstag

• 23rd March 1933, Hitler proposed this act and won in votes 444:94

• Reichstag can't stop Hitler, Germany was no longer democratic

Single Party state (july 1933)

• In july, all parties other than Nazi were banned

• All political oppositions were removed

Trade Unions

• May 1933, trade union leaders were sent to concentration camps

• After all trade unions were banned, everyone forced to join the German Workers Front

• Hitler though that the SA and Rohm threatened them, so he created the SS (led by Himler)

• He wanted to eliminate any opposition which included Rohm and the SA

Events

• 30th June 1934, SS and Hitler purged SA

• 400 SA killed including Rohm

• former chancellor Von Schleicher also killed

Effect

• No more opposition

• only one in power

Fuhrer and 3rd Reich

• August 1934, President Hindenburg dies

• Hitler merge president and chancellor role to create the new Fuhrer

• he believed 3rd Reich will last 1000 years

• Created 'Heil Hitler' to show loyalty

  • forced army to swear an oath of allegiance to him personally not Germany

    
    

• secret police service (no uniforms)

• Purpose:

  • small unit of 50,000 police men who identified opponents

  • spied on German citizens and prosecuted anyone against Nazi

  • punishment was either torture or concentration camp

The SS

• Hitlers protection squad (body guards)

  • set up in 1925 & led by Himler

• Black uniform

• trained soldiers & only Aryan race

• 90,000 full time employees and 200,000 informants

• Role:

  • In charge of Germany Police force

  • Could send ppl to jail or concentration camp without trial

  • In charge of concentration camp

  • In WWII, in charge of death camp

The SD

• Was Hitler Security Service

• Spied on opposition in other countries

• Set up by Himler & led by Heydrich

Concentration Camp

• had political prisoners, Ethnic minority (jews & romas), prostitutes, and more

• Isolated Camps so no one can see what goes on inside

• Prisoners forced to do hard labour and were ill-treated

Law

• got rid of trials and the Jury, all decisions made by Judge alone

• Compulsory for Judge to join the National Socialist League for Maintenance of Law

• All Judges rule in Nazi favor

• Fear of the Gestapo

  • No one knew if anyone was the Gestapo so everyone had to be careful of what they say

• Germans were encourage to Spy and Snitch on one another

  • 200,000 Germans were paid to spy

• Propaganda, and repression (control by force) worked together to create gleichschaltung (synchronization of Nazi)

• Joseph Goebbels was the minister of Propaganda

• used multiple techniques:

  • Films & Radios

  • Rallies & Military parade

• Berlin Olympics 1936

  • chance to showcase Aryan race superiority

  • Hitler embarrassed after USA won 100 meter gold medal

A.K.A as 'totalitarianism' which means everything controlled by the gov.

Propaganda was very successful before war (1933-1939).

Propaganda started to fail when Germany were losing the war.

Censorship

• Burned booked written by Jews and anti-nazi books

• All scripts in films and radios were all Nazi-edited

• Only Nazi news stations were allowed

  • In 1944, 80% news stations were controlled by Nazi

Art & Culture

• Nazi buildings to reflect Nazi power

• Music - needed traditional music (Beethoven)

  • Jew music and jazz were banned

• Art - traditional work to glorify Aryan race and Nazi were encouraged

• Literature - all booked needed verification from 'Chamber of culture'

• Cinema - filled with propaganda and Nazi messages

• No makeup, plain cloth, traditional look

• Clear role as a housewife to serve family

  • '3k's' - Kinder (children), Kuche (Kitchen), Kirche (churche)

• Nazi want all women to marry and have children

  • gave married couple 1000 mark

• wanted lots of children

• every 1 children you have, you keep 250 marks from the loan

• Motherhood cross given

  • Bronze - 4 children

  • Silver - 6 children

  • Gold - 8 children

  • 1932 - 15 briths per 1000 ppl

  • 1938 - 19 births per 1000 ppl

• Mum needed to stay home w/out job

• female education was limited to household chores and others

• 10 - 14 boys - Young German Folk

• 10 - 14 girls - Young Girls

• 14 - 18 boys - Hitler Youth

• 14 - 18 girls - League of German Maidens

Boys

• wanted to prepare for as future soldier

• activity targeted for military

Girls

• wanted to prepare as a mother

• activity that targeted training for motherhood

Education

• Nazi wanted to control children through education

  • all teachers forced the join 'Nazi Teacher Association'

  • Student learned to accept Nazi ideas

• all subjects were linked to nazi in some way

  • by 1935, all textbooks needed to be Nazi-certified

• Racial studies dissed the Jews and opted for the 'perfect human' of Aryan race

• By 1939, 90% boys joined Hitler youth

The Reich Church (1933)

• Hitler creates new Nazi Church

• Banned the old testaments because they were in Hebrew (jewish stuff)

• New testiment

• All non-pure Aryan priests were banned

Opposition

• Not everyone followed the new church

  • 1934, confessional church was made to oppose the Reich church

• loyalty was split between Hitler and the Pope

• Catholics were a big threat to Hitler as they would send their kids to Catholic Youth organisations to oppose the Nazi