Drive reduction theory: A physical need creates a drive to satisfy the need.
Ex: money does not itself satisfy any biological or psychological need, but it reduces such other drives on a regular basis simply by the receipt of a pay check
Maslow Hierarchy of needs: pyramid of human needs, each need must be met successfully to move up; ends with self-actualization.
Hunger drive/ weight disorders: both internal and external reasons for hunger; Anorexia, Bulimia and obesity
Thirst Drive: reduction of fluid in and outside of cell caused by sodium
-reasons of habitual, cultural and psychogenetic
Sexual response cycle: Four stages of sexual responding(excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution)
 Need to Belong: Harlow; we need people, we have a need for acceptance, we will change our actions to fit in with certain groups
(IV whether or not baby monkey got food or not)
Achievement Motivation: Desire for significant accomplishment
-extrinsic: Desire to perform a behavior for a reward or to avoid punishment
-Intrinsic: Desire to perform at your own sake and own desire to learn/ succeed
Conflict Motivation: sometimes what you want to do in a situation is clear to you, but at other times you no doubt find yourself conflicted about what choice to make.
-Approach-Approach conflict: occurs when you must choose between two desirable outcomes.
EX: get accepted into two of your top colleges and have to choose which one you want to go to
avoidance -avoidance conflict: occurs when you must choose between two unattractive outcomes
EX: choose between cleaning room or cleaning basement
Approach-Avoidance:  exists when ONE event or goal has both attractive and unattractive features 
(EX: love fast food but do not want to gain weight)
Multiple approach-avoidance conflict:  here you must choose between two or more things, each of which has both desirable and undesirable features 

Instinct: a complex unlearned behavior that is patterned throughout a species.
-If people criticized themselves, it is because of their "self-abasement instinct"
-If people boast it reflected their "self-assertion instinct"
-although instinct theory failed to explain most human motives, evolutionary psychology's underlying assumption that genes predispose species-typical behavior remains as strong as ever.
Drives and Incentives
drive reduction theory: the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce the need by, say, eating or  drinking.
homeostasis: (The physiological aim of drive reduction) the maintenance of a steady internal state ("staying the same")
-homeostasis is not a motivation theory, but a biological principle that applies to some motivational theories (like drive-reduction)
(need-food and water) (drive-hunger and thirst)
(Drive-reducing behaviors- eating, drinking)
Incentive: positive or negative stimuli that lure or repel us
-when there is both a need and an incentive we feel strongly driven.
Optimal arousal theory: holds that some motivated behaviors actually increase arousal
-human motivation aims not to eliminate arousal but to seek optimum levels of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson law: moderate arousal would lead to optimal performance (when taking an exam)
-it pays to be moderately alert but not trembling with nervousness
A hierarchy of motives:
beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher level safety needs and then psychological needs become active.
-at the self-transcendence level, people strive for meaning, purpose, and communication that is beyond self, that is transpersonal 

Those wishing to lose weight are advised to make a lifelong change in habits: Get enough sleep; boost energy expenditure through exercise; limit variety and minimize exposure to tempting food cues, eat healthy foods and reduce portion sizes; space meals throughout the day; beware of the binge; monitor eating during social events; forgive the occasional lapse; and connect to a support group

Standard smile 

Yerkes Dodson theory: Optimum stress necessary for optimum performance

too much stress=bad
too little=bad
right amount= positive/optimal performance
learned Motives
-form of social motives but learned through modeling/ observation of others
1. Aggression:
-intent to inflict harm or pain
-Connection to learned helplessness
2. Achievement
-Need to excel or overcome
-Highly motivated children and upbringing "Early Independence and Encouragement"
-Emotional and Cognitive Roots
Stimulus Motives
Unlearned Motives that Encourage exploration of World.
(Used to obtain information on the world even when bored) 
-what do you ponder?
-What is your activity level?

Sexual dysfunctions: problems that consistently impair sexual arousal or functioning.
(for men erectile disorder and premature ejaculation)
(for female the problem may be pain or female orgasmic disorder)
paraphilias
A person experiences distress from their unusual sexual interest or the sexual desire or behavior entails harm or risk of harm to others
The Psychology of Sex
-The female estrogen and the Male testosterone hormones influence human sexual behavior in other species. Short-term shifts in testosterone level are normal in men, partly in response to stimulation -External stimuli can trigger sexual arousal in both men and women, although the activated brain areas differ somewhat men respond more specifically to sexual depictions involving their preferred sex
sexually explicit material may lead people to perceive their partners as comparatively less appealing and to devalue their relationships. Imagined stimuli (dreams and fantasies also influence sexual arousal
Refractory Period: a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm for a few minutes, to a day, or more