Leaders: 
Nelson Mandela- Was the former leader of the ANC before it was banned and he was imprisoned. He was later on released by F.W. de Klerk and became the president of South Africa in 1994. He used this power to bring democracy to South Africa, to end segregation, and to give all people their rights. F.W. de Klerk- Was elected president in 1989, where in an attempt to bring South Africa out of isolation he legalized the ANC, and released Nelson Mandela. They began to repeal apartheid laws that segragated the country, which allowed other world leader to ease restriction on the country. In 1994 he also agreed to South Africa's first universal election, where people of all races could finally vote together. This election is the one that got Nelson Mandela to office. Desmond Tutu- Was a black South African Bishop, that was the leader of an economic campaign against the apartheid laws in the country. He got many countries to cut trade with the nation, and got South Africa banned from the olympic games.

Methods: In 1912 formed the African National Congress (ANC) to fight for their rights. Made non violent strikes and boycotts to protest. Nelson Mandela was a leader in the ANC. Then in the 1980's Desmond Tutu led an economic campaign against apartheid. He asked foreign nations to not do business with S Africa. Isolated S. Africa from the world with this and other things like the olympics.

Lingering Problems: High rape and murder rates compared to the world. 40% of unemployment among blacks and 60% below poverty level. Economic downturn discouraged foreign investment. AIDS epidemic. estimates of 6 million S Africans to die from 1999 to 2010. Caused by HIV.

Leaders: Ho Chi Mihn- Vietnamese nationalist that turned to communist for help in struggle against French colonial rule. "Vietminh" was the name of his followers/revolutionaries. 

Methods:  Some of the methods that were used by Ho Chi Minh is turning to the communist for help. This occurred when France started to control the resources in southeast Asia as a large area called "Indochina" which lead to revolts and strikes against the French. The Vietminh used methods such as hit-and-run tactics to confine the French to the cities, forcing them to surrender to Ho because they suffered a major military defeat. 
Lingering Problems: The problems that still continue in the nation of Vietnam are that it is still a communist nation. A communist oppression caused 1.5 million people to flee Vietnam. This caused ship overcrowding and also caused 200,000 “boat people” to die at sea. About 70,000 made it and fled to the United States or Canada. Communism in Vietnam also nationalized industries and strictly controlled businesses. 
 

Lingering Problems: Cuba had become entirely reliant on the Soviet's economic & military aid following the Cuban Missile Crisis. Unfortunately for them in 1991, the Soviet Union broke apart & aid to Cuba stopped abruptly. This was a huge blow to Cuba, & Castro was forced to loosen his grip on their economy & work on bettering their relations with other countries. 

-Ethnic conflicts: The borders European colonists drew failed to consider the territory ethnics groups lived in, causing enemies to be put in the same country and ethnic tribes to be split. This led to many conflicts.
 

Leaders:
Jomo Kenyatta: The first president was Kenyan nationalist who resisted British rule. The British thought he was associated or a supporter of the Mau Mau movement, so they imprisoned him for almost a decade.

The Mau Mau movement: The mau mau movement was a violent resistance group for Kenyan independence that used guerilla warfare. Many of its members were farmers who resented the British for pushing them out of their land. 

 Methods:

 The Negritude movement was a movement to celebrate African culture, heritage, and values. This was created by French-speaking Africans and West Indians to express their growing sense of black consciousness and pride in traditional Africa. When the British came and took over Kenya after they won the war, they were forced to accept African self-government but they resisted Kenyan independence while still allowing more Africans to be nominated to the Legislative Council. One strong leadership of Kenyan nationalist named Jomo Kenyatta who was willing to spend time in jail for his beliefs. Another strong leadership was a group called Mau Mau. This was a secret society made of Kenyan farmers who were forced out of the highlands when the British started to take over land. This group used guerrilla war tactics to make the white farmers using their land to leave.Going back to Kenyetta, he was imprisoned for nearly a decade because of his beliefs. Britain finally granted Kenya its independence in 1963, but by then more than 10,000 Africans and 100 settlers were killed. 

When Kenya was finally given its freedom, there were still many difficulties for them to overcome, specifically new African nations. They had to deal from starting over their government to establishing a postcolonial economy. Many new countries had conflicts mixed between them. When the British moved in, they set up artificial borders that did more harm than help.

They had trapped ethnic groups who were fighting against each other which led to instability, violence, and an overall struggle to deal with their newly gained independence. 

Methods: Gandhi used tactics of nonviolence like-Noncooperation: Civil disobedience when the British didn’t punish officers responsible for the Amritsar massacre. He recommended the Indian National Congress take action with a noncooperation policy with the British Government. He then launched a campaign of civil disobedience to weaken the grasp Britain had on India. Boycotts: Gandhi urged Indians to not buy British goods, attend government schools, pay British taxes, or vote in elections. One successful boycott was the one against Cloth, a huge source of wealth for the British, he encouraged people to spin their own cloth. As a result, British cloth sales dropped sharply in India Strikes & Demonstrations: Civil disobedience caused the British economy trouble, it was hard to keep trains running, factories operating, and jails from bursting due to the British arresting those who participated in strikes and demonstrations. Unfortunately, protests often turned into riots, regardless of Gandhi’s want for nonviolence. The Salt March: For some time, Indians could only buy salt from the British government, and they had to pay taxes on it. To protest, Gandhi and his followers walked about 240 miles to the seacoast to collect seawater, and let it evaporate to create their own salt. Muhammad Ali Jinnah wanted all Muslims to quit the Congress Party because he thought the Hindus were only looking out for their own interests. The Muslim League, looked out for their own interests, and would not accept Indian independence if it meant rule by the Hindu Congress Party.

Lingering Problems: Pakistan and India used to be one entire country, but because of Mohandas K. Gandhi had pushed limited self rule this left arguments over the religious groups in India on who should rule be the main ruling religion, Islam or Buddhism. Later because of this what was India was split into what is now modern day India and Pakistan. New independent countries of Pakistan and India became bitter rival countries which pushed tensions between over a land called Kashmir that was mainly Muslim population.This fight over Kashmir brought light to the situation to the United Nations which then made a cease-fire in 1949 that left a third of Kashmir under Pakistani control and the rest under Indian control, but the two countries still dispute over the land to this day. Other troubles were that either Hindus, Muslims, and another religion called Sikhs after this time were being murdered if seen crossing into India by Pakistani people and crossing into Pakistan by Indian people.More into Pakistan its history of leadership has been filled with bloodshed with multiple assassinations or murders on prime ministers and along with a civil war that eventually broke up Pakistan into east and west Pakistan.

Lingering problems: People were still concerned about ethnic divisions in the nation. The Nigeria democracy was short-lived and in 1983 the military overthrew the civilian government charging it with corruption. After this a new military regime took over and was led by Hausa-Fulani. However in 1999 their first civilian president in 20 years was elected. Olusegun Obasanjo was reelected in 2003.