PASSIVE TENSE:

passive (be + past participle) when something isn't said or known, or important does an action.

Andy's bike has been stolen (somebody has stolen, who? we don't know)

If we want to say who did the action we use by

• Gladiator was directed by Ridley Scott

We form negatives and questions in the same way as in active sentences:

• Some films aren't shot on Location.

• Is your car being repaired today?

Grammar Bank

The college was built in the 16th century.

 1. The costumes for the show are being made by hand 

2. The story inspired him to make a film. 

3. This castle hasn't been inhabited for nearly a century. 

4. His latest film is set in France in the 1960s. 

5. The film will be shot in the autumn. 

6. The actors aren't recording the dialogue until next week.

7. The house wasn't being used by the owners during the winter. 

8. The make-up artist has transformed the actor into a monster. 

9. They hadn't owned the company for very long before they went bankrupt. 

10. The photo was taken by my husband on the balcony of our hotel.

Arms, back, chin, ears, eyes, face, feet, fingers, hand, head, knees, legs, lips, mouth, neck, nose, shoulders;

What do we have in our faces?

• wrinkles

• freckles

• dimple

• pimple

Head: hair, forehead, eyebrow, eyelash, temple, cheek, jaw, chin;

Arm parts:

• elbow

• hand

• fingers

• wrist

Hand parts:

• wrist

• palm

• knuckle

Fingers: thumb, index, middle, ring, little finger

Leg parts:

• thigh, knee

• calf, shin

• foot, instep

• heel, sole, toe

Verbs related to the body

1. Don't be frightened of the dog. He won't bite.

2. Jason kick the ball too hard and it went over the wall into the next garden.

3. Mmm! Something smells delicious! Are you making a cake?

4. The stranger looked at me for a long time, but he didn't say anything.

• Tony's phone is switched off. He might be on the plane now, or just boarding)

can't (when you are sure something is impossible/not true)

• Nigel can't earn money in his job. He is still living with his parents.

must(when you are sure something is true)

• Your sister must have a lot of money if she drives a Porsche.

Grammar Bank

1. Do you know anyone who drives a Ferrari?

   Yes, my nephew. I don't know his salary, but he must earn a fortune!

2. Why don't you buy this dress for your mum?

   I'm not sure. She might not like it. It's a bit short for her.

3. My sister works as an interpreter for the EU.

   She must speak a lot of languages to work there.

4. Did you know that Andy's parents have split up?

   Poor Andy. He can't be very happy about that.

5. Are your neighbors away? All the curtains are closed. I'm not sure. I suppose they might be on holiday.

6. Where's your colleague today?

   She must be ill. She called to say that she was going to the doctors.

7. I'm looking forward to seeing Jane! I haven't seen her for years.

   You might not recognize her - she's lost a lot of weight.

8. My daughter has failed all her exams again.

   She can't be working very hard.

9. Why is Tina so happy?

   I'm not sure, but she might have a new partner.

10. Where does your boss live?

    I don't know, but he might not live near the office because he commutes every day by train.

/ju:/ - education, music, pupil, student, university

{A} - lunch, result, study, subject

{u:} - rude, rules, true

{u} - full, put

FIRST Conditional:

if + present simple, will/won't + infinitive:

If you work hard, you'll pass your exams.

Grammar bank

1. That girl will get into trouble if she doesn't wear her uniform.

2. If you give in your homework late, the teacher won't mark it

3. Don't write anything unless you are sure of the answer.

4. Gary will be expelled if his behavior doesn't improve

5. They'll be late for school unless they hurry

6. Ask me if you don't know what to do

7. Jonie will be punished if he shouts at the teacher again

8. My sister will finish university this year if she passes all her exams

9. I will not go out tonight unless I finish my homework

10. Call me if you need some help with this project

in the country

on the outskirts

in a village(town/city)

on the East Coast

on the 4th floor

Parts of the House

attic-a room inside the roof of a building

balcony - A platform projecting from the wall of a building, often surrounded by a railing, and usually accessed through doors or windows

basement-ground level

chimney - A vertical structure, typically made of bricks or metal, that conducts smoke and gases from a fireplace, stove, furnace, or boiler to the outside atmosphere

entrance - The point of access into a building or a room.

gate - a barrier used to close an opening in a wall

ground floor - The floor of a building at or nearest to ground level.

path - A way or track laid down for walking

roof - The upper covering of a building

steps - A series of flat, horizontal surfaces arranged in a progression to allow ascent or descent between levels.

terrace(patio) - An outdoor area adjoining a house

top floor - The highest habitable level of a building

wall - A continuous vertical brick or stone structure that encloses or divides an area of land

Sentences

1. She stored her old dresses and winter clothes in boxes in the attic.

2. We enjoyed the view on the balcony in the afternoon.

3. The basement was reconstructed due to lack of cement

4. Santa Claus delivers presents through the chimney

5. The entrance was crowded with plants and roses

6. The gate should be big and long enough to protect the house.

7. The ground floor of the apartment is where I live

8. I walked down the path of our new home

9. The view from top floor of our house was incredible

10. He homes wall was made out of rocks

Sentences

1. Set up: He decided to set up his own business after years of working on himself

2. Doing very well: She is doing very well on her fisrt day at work

3. Unemployed: After losing his job, he found himself unemployed

4. Look for a job: Abby decided to look for a job that suits her the best

5. Was sacked: He was sacked from his position after accusing his boss

6. Worked for: She worked for several years for the same company

7. Applied for: He applied for several jobs but didn't get any

8. Good salary: The company offered good salary to attract employees

9. Boss: She had a difficult relationship with her boss

10. Get the job: He finally get his dream job

-ment:

• disappointment

• improvement

• development

-ion:

• union

• section

• question

-ation:

• communication

• evaluation

• adoration

• application

-er:

• worker

• dancer

• lawyer

-or:

• translator

• actor

• editor

-ian:

• musician

• dietician

• politician

-ist:

• pianist

• psychologist

• economist

SENTENCES:

1. She was embarrassed by his disappointment in his friend

2. That building should need an improvement right away

3. They have to develop the way of their teaching style

4. She asks a lot of questions during seminars

5. She offered her application for a new job

6. She’s a good dancer and she’s going to perform at the concert tonight

7. I hired a good lawyer just to get you out of prison

8. She is a good musician and an actress as well

9. On the way home, I saw a boy who was playing piano and It turned out he was the most popular pianist in our country

10. We need a good translator in the court

We use reported speech to report (i.e. to tell another person) what someone said.

• When the reporting verb (said, told, etc.) is in the past tense, the tenses in the sentence which is being reported usually change like this:

• present - past

• will → would

• past simple / present perfect → past perfect

1. When are you leaving? --> My parents asked me when i was leaving.

2. Have you ever been married? --> She asked him if he had ever been married

3. Will you be home early? --> She asked if he would be home early

4. Where do you usually buy your clothes --> My sister asked me where I bought my clothes.

5. I won't wear these shoes again. --> She said she wouldn't wear those shoes again

6. I didn't buy you a present. --> She said she hadn't bought me a present

7. I can't find anywhere to park. --> Luke told me he couldn't find anywhere to park

8. I am in love with you. --> My boyfriend told me he was in love with me

9. I have just finished my padlet --> She told me she had finished her padlet

10. Dabby is pregnant --> He said that Dabby was pregnant

Sentences

Infinitive:

1. She can't afford to buy a new car

2. I don't agree to meet you up

3. He decided to take the job offer.

4. I expect to finish this project by the deadline

5. Don't forget to do the dishes

Gerund:

1. He admitted to stealing money from his friend

2. I usually avoid taking pictures of strangers

3. She denies stealing the money

4. She dislikes waking up early

5. She enjoys reading books

Both:

1. She loves to dance in the rain.

   She loves dancing in the rain

2. I like to share my skincare routine

   I like sharing my skincare routine

3. He hates to dress like a man

   He hates dressing like a man

BARE infinitive

The zero infinitive is a type of complement with an infinitive verb form that's not preceded by the particle to. Also known as the bare infinitive.

The zero (or bare) infinitive is used after verbs of perception (see, feel, hear), many auxiliary verbs (may, should, must), the verbs make and let, and the expressions had better and would rather. Contrast with the to-infinitive.

Example:

I felt her heartbeat.We heard the sound of an ocean

Here are some common uses of the third conditional:

1. To talk about hypothetical/imaginary situations in the past.

2. We use if + past perfect and would have + past participle

3. We can use might or could instead of would

Examples from GRAMMAR BANK

1. If you hadn't taken me to the station, I would have missed my train

2. We wouldn't have won the match if the referee hadn't given us a penalty.

3. You would have ended the weekend if you had come with us

4. If I hadn't bought the theatre tickets online, they would have been more expensive

5. Mike would have forgotten his wife's birthday if she hadn't reminded him

6. If the police hadn't arrived five minutes later, they wouldn't have caught the thief

7. If you hadn't lent me the money, i wouldn't have been able to go away for the weekend

8. If i had studied hard enough, I would have scored the highest point

9. If she never had missed with her friend, she would have not been in the police office

10. If you hadn't pressed that button, we would have been rich now

Large Quantifiers

1. We use a lot of or lots of in [+] sentences. Loads of is more informal

2. We use a lot when there is no noun, e.g. He talks a lot

3. much\many are normally used in [-] sentences and [?], but a lot of can also be used.

4. We use plenty of in [+] sentences. (= more than enough)

Example

My daughter has a lot of app in her phone

James eats a lot

There aren't many cafes near here

Do you watch much TV?

We have plenty of time

Small Quantifiers

1. We use little + uncountable nouns, few + plural countable nouns

• a little and a few = some, but not a lot

2. very little and very few = not much\many

3. The comparative if little is less and of few is fewer

Examples

Do you want some ice cream? Yes, just a little.

I am so busy that I have very little time for myself

She has very few friends

I have less free time

There are fewer flights in the winter than in the summer

More or less than you need or want

1. We use too + adjective or adverb

2. Too much + uncountable nouns and too many + plural countable nouns

3. We use (not) enough before a noun, e.g. (not) enough eggs\milk, and after an adjective, e.g. It isn't big enough, or an adverb, e.g. You aren't walking fast enough

Zero Quantity

1. We use any + uncountable or plural noun for zero quantity with a [-] verb

2. We use no + uncountable or plural noun for zero quantity with a [+] verb

3. We use none(without a noun) in a short answers

1. If I had a job, I would get my own flat

   if David spoke good English, he could get a job in that new hotel

   I would get on better with my parents if I didn’t live with them

2. If your sister were here, she would know what to do

3. If I were you, I would buy a new computer

~We use the second conditional to talk about a hypothetical/imaginary present or feature situation and its consequences.

~We can also use could instead of would in the other clause

~ After if we can use was or were with I, he, and she

Grammar Bank

1. My kids would get up earlier if they didn’t go to bed so late

2. Nick would not have to communicate every day if he worked from home

3. If they didn’t have such a noisy dog, they would get on better with their neighbours

4. I would buy a bigger house if I was sure we could afford it

5. We couldn’t have a dog if we didn’t have a garden

6. My mother-in-law lived with us we would get divorced

7. My sister tidied her room more often it would not be such a mess

8. If you could change one thing in your life, what would it be?

9. If she made less noise, her neighbours would not complain so often

10. You wouldn’t treat me like that if you really loved me

~We use defining relative clause to give essential information about a person, place or thing

~We use the relative pronoun who for people, which for things/animals, and where for places

~ we can use THAT instead of WHO or WHICH

~We can use whose to mean “of who” or “of which”

Grammar bank:

1. The woman who lived here before us was a writer.

2. My computer is a lot faster than the one which I used to have

3. Look, that’s the woman whose dog beat me last week

4. This is the phone that I bought yesterday

5. That’s the house where I was born

Non-defining relative clauses (giving extra non-essential information)

~ we use a non-defining relative clause to give extra in a sentence. If this class is omitted the sentence still makes sense

~ non-defining relative clauses must go between commas or a comma and a full stop

Examples

1. Rob and Karina, who have twins, often need a babysitter

2. Downing Street, where the British Prime Minister leaves, is in central London

3. The Mona Lisa, which has been damaged several times, is now displayed behind glass

4. My sister, who is a dancer, won a competition

5. My workplace, where located near the Burger King, stinks very often

6. That dog, which is playing with a toy, is my friend's

7. This product, which is only for face use, costs a fortune!

8. My friend, who studies biology, now works at Oxford

9. My old computer, which is broken, is now in the trash

10. Those flowers, which my boyfriend bought me, are dying

The cast for the film "anyone but You" are Sydney Sweeney and Glen Powell

2. star - (also verb) the most important actor in a film

Today's star in MetGala 2024 is Tyla.

3. soundtrack - the music of a film

The soundtrack of the movie Interstellar is dazzling and marvelous to everyone

4. plot - the story of a film

The plot twist of Maze is unbelievable

5. scene - a part of a film that happens in one place

The scene where Rachel gets pregnant is so shocking

6. audience - the people who watch a film in a cinema.

   The audience were wild

7. sequel - a film that continues the story of an earlier film

8. special effects - images often created by a computer

9. trailer - a series of short scenes from a film, shown in advance to advertise it

10. script - the words of a film

11. extra - a person who is employed to play a very small part in a film, usually as a member of a crowd

12. subtitles - the translation of the dialogue of a film on screen

13. review - an article that gives an opinion about a new film

14. set- the place where a film is being shot; the scenery used for a film or play

15. critic - a person who writes film reviews for the press

TYPES OF FILMS

an action

an animation

a comedy

a drama

a historical

a horror

a musical

a rom-com

a science-fiction

a thriller

a war

a western