Cell Communication by ElenaBlackwelder https://padlet.com/3lena67/cell_communication Module 3 Lesson 3 Assignment 1 en-us 2018-10-04 16:51:29 UTC 2018-10-05 16:17:13 UTC hello@padlet.com Stages of Signal Transduction Pathway 3lena67 https://padlet.com/3lena67/cell_communication/wish/289283961 1. Reception: 
  • a chemical signal binds to a cellular protein, usually on the cell’s surface.
2. Transduction: 
  • Binding leads to a change in the receptor that triggers a series of changes along the signal-transduction pathway.
3. Response:
  • The transduced signal triggers a specific cell activity.
]]> 2018-10-04 17:24:12 UTC https://padlet.com/3lena67/cell_communication/wish/289283961 Local vs. Long Distance Signaling 3lena67 https://padlet.com/3lena67/cell_communication/wish/289289432 Local:
  • Paracrine- a secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules into extracellular fluid. 
  • Synaptic- a nerve releases a neurotransmitter into a synapse to stimulate the target cell. 
Long Distance:
  • Hormone Signaling- specialized hormone cells secrete hormones into the body and can reach almost any cell. 
Both:
Only specific target cells recognize and respond to certain signaling molecules.
]]> 2018-10-04 17:32:22 UTC https://padlet.com/3lena67/cell_communication/wish/289289432 Ligand 3lena67 https://padlet.com/3lena67/cell_communication/wish/289295286 Any molecule that bonds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule. ]]> 2018-10-04 17:40:08 UTC https://padlet.com/3lena67/cell_communication/wish/289295286 Transduction 3lena67 https://padlet.com/3lena67/cell_communication/wish/289296494 The conversion of a signal from outside the cell to a form that can stimulate a cellular response.]]> 2018-10-04 17:41:53 UTC https://padlet.com/3lena67/cell_communication/wish/289296494 Why do signals cause different responses? 3lena67 https://padlet.com/3lena67/cell_communication/wish/289298733 Specific signals are meant to interact with certain cells only, as well as causing an individualized reaction with them. If the cell is not equipped to react to the signal, then it could have a limited reaction or none at all. Receptors also affect what kinds of signals the cells are able to even receive, which would elicit no response from the cells if they are not able to receive the signal. ]]> 2018-10-04 17:44:19 UTC https://padlet.com/3lena67/cell_communication/wish/289298733 Which receptor mechanism can trigger several pathways at once? 3lena67 https://padlet.com/3lena67/cell_communication/wish/289417472 Tyrosine-kinases have the ability to activate ten or more cellular responses or pathways at one time. When proteins bond to phosphorylated tyrosine, each protein gives a different response. Tyrosine-kinases can do this because, unlike other signals, they can make proteins react as well. ]]> 2018-10-04 23:19:40 UTC https://padlet.com/3lena67/cell_communication/wish/289417472 Phosphorylation Cascade 3lena67 https://padlet.com/3lena67/cell_communication/wish/289699973 A sequence of events in which one enzyme introduces a phosphate group to another and causes a reaction that introduces phosphate groups to thousands of proteins. An example would be seen in the signal transduction of hormone messages. ]]> 2018-10-05 16:05:05 UTC https://padlet.com/3lena67/cell_communication/wish/289699973 Type II Diabetes 3lena67 https://padlet.com/3lena67/cell_communication/wish/289701349 Type II Diabetes is caused by a weakening in the insulin receptor, which can mean there is a reduced concentration of them, a smaller amount of the insulin-related glucose transporter, or changed feedback from the cells. If there is a weakening in the signal and receptor strength, then the insulin is not stimulated and produced to support the body. The receptors do not bond with the insulin that is there, but the signals might not be telling the body to produce more insulin, which creates more of a problem of not having enough insulin to bond with some receptors. Insulin is the main controlling factor of homeostasis within the body so, without it, people may feel more and more unbalanced. ]]> 2018-10-05 16:07:18 UTC https://padlet.com/3lena67/cell_communication/wish/289701349 3lena67 https://padlet.com/3lena67/cell_communication/wish/289705841 Brännmark, Cecilia, et al. “Type II Diabetes.” Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports., U.S. National Library of Medicine, 5 Apr. 2013.]]> 2018-10-05 16:16:12 UTC https://padlet.com/3lena67/cell_communication/wish/289705841