• Supposing an elephant and a mouse fell in love.
• What if we painted the room yellow?
• If you went to the movies, I would babysit.
• If only I had more money, I could go to the movies too. 

•  I wish I hadn't said that.
• He wishes he hadn't bought the car.
• I wish I had taken that job in New York. 

• I am going to the college field.
• He is coming here for some tips.
• They are making a basketball ground.
• Why are you working in that horrible place?
• Four teams are playing at this moment. 

• She'll write the e-mail after lunch.
• Don't lift that. You'll hurt yourself.
• You dropped your purse. ...
• I'll see you tomorrow.
• You'll get the answer by post.
• Dan's going to take the order over to the customer.
• The girls are going to sing 'Amazing Grace' now.
• I'll drive you to your lesson at 4 pm. 

past tense

• Last night I played my guitar loudly and the neighbors complained.
• She kissed me on the cheek.
• It rained yesterday.
• Angela watched TV all night.
• John wanted to go to the museum 

• If you went to the movies, I would babysit. 
• If only I had more money, I could go to the movies too. 

• I've come to discuss my future with you.
• The reason why I've come is to discuss my future with you.

• Your generosity impresses more than anything else.
• The thing that impresses me more than anything else is your generosity.

• The jewels are hidden under the floor at 23 Robin Hood Road, Epping.
• The place where the jewels are hidden is under the floor at 23 Robin Hood Road, Epping

• I want a new coat for Christmas.
• All I want for Christmas is a new coat.
• A new coat is all I want for Christmas.

• I touched the bedside light and it broke.
• All I did was (to) touch the bedside light and it broke.

I’ve had a lot of pairs of sunglasses of different kinds, and I’ve lost a few over the years on various trips.

A:Do you want tea or coffee?

B:Neither, thanks. I’ve just had breakfast.

A:Which shoes do you want to put on?

B:Pass me those, please. The black ones.

Never [AUX]have [S]we witnessed such cruel behaviour by one child to another. (or We have never witnessed …)

Seldom does one hear a politician say ‘sorry’. (or One seldom hears …)

Not for a moment did I think I would be offered the job, so I was amazed when I got it.

Not till I got home did I realise my wallet was missing.

Here comes the bus!

Here’s your coffee.

I opened the door and there stood Michael, all covered in mud.

She looked out and there was Pamela, walking along arm in arm with Goldie. 

• usually begins with “if”
• includes a dependent and independent clause
• comes in different forms including zero, first, second, and third

Exercise 2 - Conditionals

1. If they left now, they..........(be) in London by lunchtime.
2. You..........(not fail) the exam if you'd studied a bit harder.
3. If we'd brought a map with us, we...........(not be) lost now.
4. I...............(not speak) to him again unless he apologies.
5. You can go to the party as long as you.............(come) home before midnight.
6. Had I known you were bringing your friends,I.............(prepare) more food.
7. Suppose your car broke down in the middle of nowhere, what.........(do)?
8. I'd go out tonight if I...............(not have to) work tomorrow.

1. Passive: Napa Valley is known for its excellent wines.
2. Active: [Many people] know Napa Valley for its excellent wines. 

1. Penicillin ______ by Alexander Fleming in 1928. (discover)
2. Statements ______ from all the witnesses at this moment. (take)
3. Whales ______ by an international ban on whaling. (must protect)
4. Both weddings _______ by Good Taste. (cater)
5. A Picasso ____ from the Metropolitan Museum of Art.(steal)
6. ____ this washing machine ______in Germany? (make)
7. Tea _____ in China. (grow)
8. When we reached the airport, we found that all the flights____ due to the storm. (cancel)
9. The fax _____ until tomorrow morning. (not send)
10. The soundtrack of a movie _____ always _____ after the filming is finished. (is/add) 

1.  Oklahoma _________
2. Colorado ___________
3. New York __________
4. New Mexico __________
5. North Calorina _________
6. California __________
7. Hawaii ___________
8. Salt Lake City _________
9. Australia ___________
10. Tonga ____________

1. My laptop was stolen. (The object – now the subject = My laptop / action= was stolen)
2. Passive: Napa Valley is known for its excellent wines.
3. Active: [Many people] know Napa Valley for its excellent wines.
4. Passive: Twenty civilians were killed in the bomb explosion.
5. Active: Someone killed twenty civilians in the bomb explosion. 

• There is life on Mars. — It appears that there is life on Mars.

• Your answer is wrong. — I think your answer is wrong.

• There’s no way she will pass the job interview. —  There is a possibility that she won’t pass job interview. 

• comment on someone’s work 
• agree or disagree with someone else’s study 
• evaluate someone’s ideas Often you will be assessed on your ability to demonstrate these skills.
  for example:
    She always says how he's not good enough(reporting verb) for you.

       they decided that they would go to the cinema.
some reporting verbs:

•  describe
• show
•  reveal
•  study
• demonstrate
• note
• point out
• indicate
•  report
• observe
• assume
• take into consideration
• examine,
• go on to say that
• state, believe (unless this is a strong belief)
• mention  etc.

1. The festival, ­­­­­­­­­­­______________ lasted all day, ended with a banquet.
   1. That
   2. Who
   3. Which
   4. What
2. I am looking for someone __________ can watch my dog while I go on vacation.
   1. Which
   2. Who
   3. Whom
   4. Whoever
3. The police needed details _____________ could help identify the robber.
   1. Who
   2. Whatever
   3. That
   4. What
4. I’d like to take you to a café _______________ serves excellent coffee.
   1. What
   2. Whatever
   3. Which
   4. Whichever
5. The clubhouse, in __________ the dance was held, housed about 200 people.
   1. Which
   2. Where
   3. That
   4. Whom
6. You can choose one person, __________ you like, to share the cruise with you.
   1. Whomever
   2. That
   3. Which
   4. Whom
7. I saw the shoes __________ you bought last week on sale for less this week.
   1. When
   2. That
   3. Who
   4. Whom
8. The winners, __________ known, will receive money and other prizes.
   1. Whoever
   2. Who
   3. When
   4. That
9. This is the place __________ we met.
   1. When
   2. Where
   3. Who
   4. That
10. The baby, ________ nap had been interrupted, wailed loudly.
    1. Whose
    2. Whomever
    3. Whom
    4. Who 

• Is this book yours or mine?   the speaker is looking to the book because he/she used is so, it is near.
• Did you finally throw away that old t-shirt?   the sentence refers to the past the speaker used did so,it is far in time.

• These shoes smell disgusting.  the speaker is smelling the shoes so, it is near
• I told you those old magazines were a fire hazard      the sentence refers to the past the speaker used old and were so, it is far in time

1. Are ___________ your shoes?
   1. That
   2. Them
   3. Those
   4. This
2. You’ll have to get your own pen. ______________ is mine.
   1. That
   2. Those
   3. Such
   4. This
3. There is no end to ___________.
   1. Such
   2. Those
   3. This
   4. None
4. Because of their bad behavior, ____________ of the children were given allowances.
   1. None
   2. That
   3. Those
   4. Them
5. ____________ of them had seen it before.
   1. Those
   2. Neither
   3. Such
   4. This 

• can
• could
• may
• might
• should
• would

• possible
• probable
• likely
• unlikely

• conceivably
• perhaps
• possibly
• probably
• usually

• assumption
• likelihood
• possibility
• probability

• I give her money to buy groceries (active voice)
• She is given money to buy groceries (passive voice)

1. Harry ate shrimp last night.
2. The teacher gave a lot of homework yesterday.
3. The company will call her soon.
4. The teacher always answer the students question.
5. The manager will hire three employees next week.
6. The kangaroo carried her baby in her pouch.
7. My mom cleans the house everyday.
8. My brother is always wearing my shoes.
9. My father drove the new car last week.
10. My grandmother cooks vegetables everyday.

                                         Hedging in academic writing 

Definition: 

Hedging words examples : 

Exercise: 

References: 

1. The boy had a baseball in his hand.
2. My horse prefers to wear an English saddle.
3. That cat never seems to tire of jumping in and out of the box.
4. You stole my idea and didn’t give me any credit.
5. Your mom is going to be upset about that broken lamp.
6. It’s not difficult to grow a tree as long as you give it plenty of water.
7. I can’t believe you let your dog stick his head out the window while you drive

1. The boys were throwing baseballs back and forth between bases.
2. Our horses are much happier wearing lightweight English saddles.
3. Those cats never seem to tire of chasing one another in and out of those boxes.
4. You stole my ideas and didn’t give me any credit.
5. Our moms are going to be upset that we stayed out all night going to parties.
6. It’s not too difficult to grow trees as long as you provide them with plenty of water.
7. I can’t believe you allow your dogs to climb all over the seats while you are driving. 

1. Day
2. Tax
3. Taxi
4. Lady
5. Mountain

1. Choice
   a. Choices b. Choices c. Choiceies
2. Box
   a.Boxs b. Boxies c. Boxes
3. Thief
   a.Thiefies a. Thiefs c. Thieves
4. Army
   a.Armys b. Armies c. Army
5. Owl
   a.Owls b. Owlies c. Owelds

1. The men sharpened their _____________ before throwing them at the targets.
   A – knife B – knifes C – knives
2. Please eat the rest of your _____________.
   A – pease B – Peas C – Peies
3. I’d like you to stop leaving your ________________ on the floor.
   A – Socks B – Sockses C – Sox
4. We saw a lot of _________________ at the park.
   A – Deers B – Deeries C – Deer
5. This recipe calls for a lot of _____________.
   A – Tomatos B – Tomatoes C – Tomaties

• The most popular mark of punctuation 

•  Use a Comma Before a Conjunction That Joins Main Clauses.

•  Use a Comma when you are listing three or more items 

•  Use a coma before the word but if it is joining two independent clauses 

•  use a comma Between Coordinate Adjectives.

•  Use a Comma After an Introductory Word Group.

• I take the train to the office.
• The train to Berlin leaves every hour.
• John sleeps eight hours every night during the week.

• The President of The USA lives in The White House.
• A dog has four legs.
• We come from Switzerland.

• I get up early every day.
• Carol brushes her teeth twice a day.
• They travel to their country house every weekend.

• It rains a lot in winter.
• The Queen of England lives in Buckingham Palace.
• They speak English at work. 

1. If the subject is singular, the verb must be singular too. Example: She writes every day.
2. If the subject is plural, the verb must also be plural. Example: They write every day.Sometimes, however, it seems a bit more complicated than this.
3. When the subject of the sentence is composed of two or more nouns or pronouns connected by and, use a plural verb. Example: The doctoral student and the committee members write every day. Example: The percentage of employees who called in sick and the number of employees who left their jobs within 2 years are are reflective of the level of job satisfaction.
4. When there is one subject and more than one verb, the verbs throughout the sentence must agree with the subject. Example: Interviews are one way to collect data and allow researchers to gain an in-depth understanding of participants.Example: An assumption is something that is generally accepted as true and is an important consideration when conducting a doctoral study.
5. When a phrase comes between the subject and the verb, remember that the verb still agrees with the subject, not the noun or pronoun in the phrase following the subject of the sentence. Example : The student, as well as the committee members, is excited. Example: The student with all the Master’s degrees is very motivated. Example: Strategies that the teacher uses to encourage classroom participation include using small groups and clarifying expectations. Example: The focus of the interviews was nine purposively selected participants. 
6.  When two or more singular nouns or pronouns are connected by or or nor, use a singular verb. Example: The chairperson or the CEO approves the proposal before proceeding. 
7. When a compound subject contains both a singular and a plural noun or pronoun joined by or or nor, the verb should agree with the part of the subject that is closest to the verb. This is also called the rule of proximity. Example: The student or the committee members write every day. Example: The committee members or the student writes every day. 
8.  The words each, each one, either, neither, everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody, nobody, somebody, someone, and no one are singular and require a singular verb. Example: Each of the participants was willing to be recorded. Example: Neither alternative hypothesis was accepted. Example: I will offer a $5 gift card to everybody who participates in the study. Example: No one was available to meet with me at the preferred times.
9. Noncount noun take a singular verb.Example: Education is the key to success. Example: Diabetes affects many people around the world. Example: The information obtained from the business owners was relevant to include in the study. Example: The research I found on the topic was limited.
10. Some countable nouns in English such as earnings, goods, odds, surroundings, proceeds, contents, and valuables only have a plural form and take a plural verb .Example: The earnings for this quarter exceed expectations. Example: The proceeds from the sale go to support the homeless population in the city. Example: Locally produced goods have the advantage of shorter supply chains.
11. In sentences beginning with there is or there are, the subject follows the verb. Since there is not the subject, the verb agrees with what follows the verb. Example: There is little administrative support.Example: There are many factors affecting teacher retention.
12. Collective nouns are words that imply more than one person but are considered singular and take a singular verb. Some examples are group, team, committee, family, and class. Example: The group meets every week. Example: The committee agrees on the quality of the writing. 

• action happening now
• action in the future 

• She is crying.
• He is talking to his friend.
• The baby is sleeping in his crib.
• We are visiting the museum in the afternoon. 

• 1. I have to change my shoes. These _ me. I'm sure I have a blister.
  are killing
  kill
  
  
• 2. I feel a bit lost. I've just finished a really good novel and now I _ anything.
  am not reading
  do not read
  
  
• 3. Coming to London for Christmas was a great I idea. I _ it here.
  love
  am loving
  
  
• 4. The company _ its offices to a bigger building next month.
  moves
  is moving
  
  
• 5. John really knows his subject. He _ a lecture on social media at university every Wednesday. You should come.
  gives
  is giving
  
  
• 6. Sarah _ me when I speak. It's so irritating.
  is always interrupting
  always interrupts
  
  
• 7. Can you help me with these boxes or _ ?
  are you busy
  are you being busy
  
  
• 8. I _ people who never really listen to what you say.
  am hating
  hate
  
  

• a.m. (ante meridiem)
• p.m. (post meridiem)
• e.g. (for example)
• i.e. (in other words)

• 10 a.m.
• 5.30 a.m.

• 10 AM
• 5.30 PM

• 10am 
• 5.30pm

• a topic sentence which is the main idea of the paragraph.
• supporting sentences which give details about the topic sentence.
• a concluding sentence which summarises the paragraph. 
• 
  

• Unified: all the sentences relate to one central point or idea.
• Coherent: the sentences are logically organized and clearly connected.
• Relevant: the paragraph supports the overall theme and purpose of the paper.

• Those were great classic songs.
• Those were great.
• Mine is the big one.