• HCI was automatically represented with the emerging of computer, or more generally machine, itself.

most sophisticated machines are worthless unless they can be used properly by men

• Machine Language 
•  Very tedious and demanding to write. 
•  Binary code 1100 0000      1001 0000 

•  Assembly Language
•  Symbolically using English words (mnemonics). 
• Assembler
•  PROC ; procedure begins  CMP AX,97 ; compare AX to 97  
• JL DONE ; if less, jump to done                            
• JG, DONE ; if greater, jump to DONE                                
•  ENDP ; procedure ends here

•  Procedural Language
•  Express a step-by-step procedure devised by the programmer to accomplish the desired task.
• Compiler or Interpreter
•  Fortran, Basic, Pascal, Java, C Family (C, C+, C++, C#)          cout << “What is: “ << endl;      cin >> answer;                       if (answer > 5) { cout << “Add 1\n”; } else                            { cout << “Do not add 1\n”; } 

• Nonprocedural / Productivity Language
•  Fewer instructions than 3GL.
•  Employ English-like words and phrases.
•  The order in which instructions are given in a 4GL is usually unimportant. 
• Many 4GLs are associated with databases and data processing. 
• Compiler or Interpreter 
• Structured Query Language (SQL) 
• SELECT Name, Salary 
• FROM Employee
• WHERE OvertimeHours > 0 
• ORDER BY Name

• Sharing of peripheral devices
• Sharing of programs and data
• Better communications
• Security of information
• Access to databases

• provides function needed by users to perform their tasks.
• The value of functionality is visible only when it becomes possible to be efficiently utilized by the user.

• with a certain functionality is the range and degree by which the system can be used efficiently and adequately to accomplish certain goals for certain users.
• The actual effectiveness of a system is achieved when there is a proper balance between the functionality and usability of a system. Ease of use and learnability.

• Help users establish a connection to another computer, mobile device or network
• Manage the transmission of data, instructions and information
• Provide an interface for users to communicate with one another

• physical: mechanics of interaction between human and computer
• cognitive: ways that users can understand the system and interact with it.
• affective: to make the interaction a pleasurable experience for the user but also to affect the user in a way that make user continue to use the machine by changing attitudes and emotions toward the user.

• usually started with ourselves who provide and share the information where people can easily access it.

1. The design is based upon an explicit understanding of users, tasks and environments.
2. Users are involved throughout design and development.
3. The design is driven and refined by user-centered evaluation.
4. The process is iterative.
5. The design addresses the whole user experience.
6. The design team includes multidisciplinary skills and perspectives

• Designed to make the computer solve a given problem without the programmer. 
• User only needs to worry about what problems need to be solved and the conditions needs to be met – without worrying about how to implement routine or algorithm to solve them. 
•  Used mainly in AI research. 
• Eg: OPS5 & Mercury. 

•  Cable: 256 Kbps to 100 Mbps or higher 
•  DSL: 256 Kbps to 8.45 Mbps 
•  FTTP:  | 5 Mbps to 300 Mbps
•  Fractional T1: 128 Kbps to 768 Kbps 
•  T1: 1.544 Mbps 
•  T3:  44.736 Mbps
•  ATM: 155 Mbps to 622 Mbps, can reach 10 Gbps 

1. copyright - creative
2. patent - invention
3. trademark - name, label

• HTML

• CSS

• Javascript

• SQL

• PHP (JSP/ASP/PERL/RUBY)

1. Have experts illustrate processes live, in person, in 3D
2. Connect geographically remote classrooms
3. Deliver lectures to multiple classrooms, anywhere, at the same time
4. ‘Remote attendance’
5. Remote access –‘be there’ in 3D
6. A whole new dimension to instructional content
7. Go ‘back in time’ in 3D?

• Web-based information displays many benefits of multimedia technology. 
•  A significant amount of interactive multimedia content is now delivered via the internet.