• Many inventions during the Industrial Revolution were interconnected.

  • Ex: Flying shuttle invented by John Kay increased the speed of weaving, causing an increase of demand for yarn which led to the Spinning Jenny and the water frame to be invented.

• Many inventions and pieces of technology during the Industrial Revolution were powered by water sources and currents until steam engines were created and were used because they were more efficient and provided more power.

• Thomas Newcomen made the most successful steam engine to power things such as pumps that cleared water out of mines.

• James Watt created a new steam after building upon Newcomen’s engine to power things like railroads, steamboats, and cotton mills.

• Cloth production increased because many more chemicals started to be used to bleach cloth instead of using just urine.

  • Some of these new chemicals include sulfuric acid which were made possible because of increased lead production powered by coal.

• Thomas Newcomen’s Background:

  • Born on February 28th, 1664 in Devon, England and died on August 5th, 1729 in London, England

  • Born to a merchant family and went into the ironmonger business at an early age while also being a Baptist preacher, causing him to build many contacts that helped to make his success when selling his steam engine

• The Newcomen Steam Engine:

  • The English engineer/inventor who created the first atmospheric steam engine in 1712, which was a precursor to the Watt steam engine

  • Newcomen built upon early research by Thomas Savery and Denis Papin when learning how to pump water out of mines with his steam engine

  • His steam engine design was called the Newcomen steam engine and it was used to clear water out of coal mines, which perpetuated a cycle of getting coal to power steam engines with the use of a steam engine

  • Newcomen’s engine was not only put in coal mines, but copper, lead, and tin mines, causing the mining industry to be revolutionized with newfound efficiency

Before innovations: Looms, a type of machine for weaving cloth, was thrown, or passed through the threads by hand. This process required 2 weavers to stay seated side by side, passing the shuttle between them. This process was very time consuming, taking many hours just to make a piece of cloth.

• John Kay invented flying shuttle in 1733.

• He patented the ‘New engine for opening and dressing wool’ that would increase the speed of cloth production.

John Kay’s flying shuttle was shot out of a box, where the weft would not need to come in contact with the weaver.

One weaver would only have to work this mechanism,  leading to more workers producing more cloth. Each worker would have their own separate machine, increasing productivity.

• Increased demand for yarn

• ———> Led to inventions like the spinning Jenny & the water frame

The spinning Jenny was invented to produce more thread. It was a machine built and patented by James Hargreaves in 1770.  The spinning Jenny was a really multiple-spindle machine for spinning wool or cotton.

• ———> Led to water powered mechanisms

The water frame, built by Sir Richard Arkwright, was made in 1775. This spinning machine was powered by water, hence the name ‘Water Frame’.  The machine was able to spin 8 threads at a time, rather than 4.

• ———> Steam engine made flying shuttles more successful in cotton mills

• Thomas Newcomen built the steam engine to clear water out of the coal mine in 1712.

Later, the steam engine was used to operate power looms and other specialized equipment. The steam engine became an efficient and dependable power source in textile mills to speed up production and manufacturing of cloth.

• Citations

• https://www.britannica.com/technology/spinning-jenny

• https://intriguing-history.com/john-kay-inventor-of-flying-shuttle/

• https://www.britannica.com/topic/human-body-systems-2237111

• https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/objects/co44832/arkwrights-water-frame-1775-spinning-machine

• Industrial Revolution and TechnologyNational Geographic Societyhttps://www.nationalgeographic.org › article › industri...

• As the technology to produce coal improved and the ability to move it increased, coal experienced a massive escovation. From 1700 to 1750 production increased by 50%

• Coal mining boomed during the British Industrial Revolution as it provided fuel for steam engines of all kinds in factories, transport, and agriculture

• It was in the 1880s when coal was first used to generate electricity for homes and factories

• As a fuel source, coal provided a cheap and efficient source of power for steam engines, furnaces, and forges across the United States

• This rate of increase soared to 500% by 1850

  Sources:

• https://www.thoughtco.com/coal-in-the-industrial-revolution-1221634#:~:text=During%20the%20period%20of%20the,nearly%20another%20100%25%20by%201800.

• https://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-us-coal-industry-in-the-nineteenth-century-2/#:~:text=The%20coal%20industry%20was%20a,forges%20across%20the%20United%20States.

• https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2201/coal-mining-in-the-british-industrial-revolution/#:~:text=Coal%20mining%20boomed%20during%20the,the%20steam%20engine%20was%20invented.

• https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-coal-used#:~:text=Coal%20is%20primarily%20used%20as,a%20turbine%2C%20which%20produces%20electricity.

• The British had created a gigantic industry based on coal mining in the 1600's due to the extravagant use of lumber, which ultimately led to the extreme decline of wood.

• The Steam Engine was one of the most valuable inventions of this time period. It was made by Thomas Newtons and perfected by others such as James Watt. It is still used today to power machines and other motors such as cars.

• Transportations was much improved on by the sue of coal. Coal was sued to power the machines used for travel, and improved the way of life greatly. Coal in general, was transported by the use of canals. Due to the coal mines being located near bodies of water, the moved the coal from the mines with the use of canals.

• Coal was used for very important innovation such as gas lighting. This was created by Scotsman William Murdock. This new inventions eliminated the use of burning oil or tallow candles. Frederick Albert Winsor invented the use for this as street lighting. This innovation was spread across the world and is found in many countries, and shows how far the inventions spread as a real life example.

• Coal gas was also used to light cooking fires in the homes of the people. Many big and major cities had these new innovations. The many uses of coal caused lumber and wood to no longer be needed in heavy quantities. This caused land to be used for new agriculture instead of being saved as an energy source.

All in all, the creation of the steam engine led to factory work getting faster and more efficient as well as new forms of transportation being created. Without the steam engine, modern day cars or ships wouldn’t be what they are today. The steam engine led to our society today.

Sources

• https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2166/the-steam-engine-in-the-british-industrial-revolut/

• https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/industrial-revolution-and-technology/#

• 1) Having easy access to coal:

  By having easy access to coal, the ability to have better transportation, better manufacturing efficiency, and better chemical manufacturing was there. To add onto depth, coal was used for machinery such as to power the steam engine, also coal in general was used to make things like iron, thus making iron production much more efficient. Coal provided energy and power, as well as electricity for machines.

• 2) Having the highest wages back in the 18th century

  The British had the highest wages in the world. The wages in London were 11 grams of silver, the wages in Amsterdam were 9 grams, comparing that to Beijing, Venice, and Florence, the wages were worth less than 4 grams. In Delhi, it was under 2. Since wages were high, and resources such as coal were cheap, it was easier to make inventions and thus the industrial revolution was possible.

Going back to why it wasn't possible in China or India:

• During the time before the Industrial revolution was possible, China, India, and Europe both were equivalent when it came to Industrial production.

• in India, as historians believed 25% of the industrial output was came from India, however that declined due to multiple reasons. Similarly, China had the biggest population in the world, as well as economic success. However, Europe at the time were at an advantageous situation due to the two reasons mentioned above.

Sources:

• (The video given)

• https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-1750/xcabef9ed3fc7da7b:unit-3-industrialization/xcabef9ed3fc7da7b:3-2-global-industrialization/a/imperialism-and-de-industrialization-in-india-beta#:~:text=Some%20historians%20believe%20that%20India,production%20had%20shifted%20to%20Britain.

• https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/coal/

• https://guides.loc.gov/early-business-periodical-literature/industry-specific/coal-iron-steel#:~:text=Coal%20powered%20the%20steam%20engines,gave%20rise%20to%20new%20industries.

  
  

Better chemical manufacturing, industrial efficiency, and transportation are all primary examples of technological advancements during the Industrial Revolution. The particular inventions of the steam engine, Spinning Jenny, and the Cotton Gin are major because they all tie back to the textile industry which is where the Industrial Revolution was ushered in. Now let’s take a deeper dive into these specific inventions. 

Invention #1: The Spinning Jenny 

• A major invention during the Industrial Revolution 

• A machine used for spinning wool or cotton 

• Created by English inventor James Hargreaves 

• The significance of this invention is that the Spinning Jenny enabled the Industrial Revolution to start out in the textile industry

• Up until this invention, the ordinary spinning wheel could only spin one thread at a time 

• This process was extensive and could not meet the demand of customers 

• As per the saying, necessity is the mother of invention, because the supply was not able to meet the demand because of the slow process, the Spinning Jenny was invented

• This creation had one hand powered wheel but eight spindles so a person could make eight strands of yarn at once

• The negative side of this invention is that fewer workers were needed, and even fewer than that with talent 

• Another negative is that the created yarn was very weak

• The effect of this is that it enabled more suitable machines to be created and trigger the IR in textile factories 

  
  

Invention #2: Steam Engine 

• One major invention inspired by coal is the steam engine which has a widespread use even (especially) today

• The steam engine was in many aspects the decisive technology of the IR

• Steam engines achieved a high level of efficiency thanks to James Watt and Matthew Boulton 

• Coal encouraged the creation of steam engines which were used to pump water out of the mines as an incentive to prevent flooding

• As mentioned previously, England had large supplies of readily available coal near the surface thus making this resource cheap for Europeans, and of more use due to their coal mines. 

• Steam engines also rely on coal to function.

• Steam engines in cotton production pushed the economic development of Britain from 1750-1850

• The steam engine still powers textile factories in England today

• The overall effect of coal in the Industrial Revolution was that it powered steam engines which increased the demand for metals and minerals

• Since coal was readily available iron production expanded therefore giving rise to new industries  

• Steam engines have been used to power the first ships, trains, cars, and factories

  
  

Invention #3: Cotton Gin 

• Created by U.S. born inventor, Eli Whitney 

• Revolutionized the production of cotton by accelerating the process of extracting seeds from cotton fiber 

• The invention of the Spinning Jenny created a demand for more cotton, which is what inspired this invention 

• The negative side and ultimate effect is that this invention offered justification for Southern planters to expand slavery while more Americans wanted it abolished 

  
  

Cited Resources:

Library of Congress

National Geographic

Britannica

History

Britannica

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2183/the-textile-industry-in-the-british-industrial-rev/

Coal was used for transportation, communication, industrial efficiency, and chemical manufacturing. England had a large supply of coal making it very cheap but also very hard to harvest.

Steam engines

• Steam engines were an important machine during this time because the amount of mines increased. This led to an increase in the amount of flooding in mines

  • Steam power became the energy source for many machines and vehicles, making it cheaper and easier to produce commodities in large amounts.

  • This in turn increased the demand for raw materials used to build more machines that can produce even more commodities

Iron

• The production of iron was increased during this time period

  • The coal that was harvested was made to smelt iron. This helped it facilitate steam engines.

  • Some inventions made with this are tramways, rich enabled coal to be moved more easily.

The Economy

• This was. Very vital source of energy for the industry and transport

• By the 1900’s coal was producing six percent of the national income.

Overall, with the help of coal, many influential machines would have not been made such as the steam engine. Due to the founding of coal, todays society is able to advance

• https://www.thoughtco.com/coal-in-the-industrial-revolution-1221634

• https://www.environmentandsociety.org/mml/steam-engine

• Cultural Superiority - Idea that Europeans are superior and better than the rest of the world

• Science and Invention - Only Britain had the culture of science and inventions that allowed the creation of revolutionary technologies possible

• Freer Political Institutions - These encouraged innovation and property rights which created incentives for inventors

• Small Population - Small populations generally require labor-saving inventions

Other Reasons - 

1) Agriculture Revolution

• Led to increased food production, caused by the discovery of crop rotation by Charles Townshend

• Also caused by the seed drill, discovered by Jethro Tull

• Food production increase led to population increase, which meant more factory workers

• Increased population also created a larger market for goods to be sold

• Large supplies of coal also introduced industrialization

2) Coal 

• fueled steam engines

• Britain was able to mine coal easily thanks to steam engines, invented by Thomas Newcomen

3) Geography

• Goods were easily transported through and out of the country

• Rivers allowed for quick and affordable trade

• Shipbuilding and steamboats furthered Britain’s dominance

• Canal systems expanded their transportation abilities

4) Political Climate

• Stable government compared to other countries

• Government was open to Laissez-faire capitalism

• Government promoted free trade policies

• Government implemented Enclosure Acts, which promoted private property

• Government supported aspects of capitalism that allowed entrepreneurs to gain wealth from factories and mines and did not restrict them.

5) Vast Colonial Empire

• Britain had control over North America, South Africa, Egypt, India, and Australia

• Control allowed them access to lots of natural resources to be used in factories

• It also allowed for a larger population of people to trade with, growing their market

  https://www.historycrunch.com/why-was-britain-the-first-country-to-industrialize.html#/

• The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 1760s and a lot of the technological innovations were of British origin.

• A good number of the important inventions and innovations that were important to the revolution were created in Britain.

—> ex. The spinning jenny, water frame, and spinning mule

• Britain had very good crop rotation techniques.

—> this allowed the soil to be a lot more fertile and it helped growing outputs to increase.

• Wealthy land owners would buy farms that were smaller which put many small farmers out of business.

—>this resulted in them moving to cities to go work at factories.

• Britainhad an abundant supply of what economists call the three "factors of production". These factors of production are land, labor, and capital.

• Even though England was at war a lot, the wars still took place outside of England.

  —>This helped to make Britain a very peaceful place.

• The Industrial Revolution led to an unprecedented population growth. England's population grew 280% between 1550 and 1820.

  https://www.studentsofhistory.com/why-the-industrial-revolution-began-in-england

Sources used:

• www.britannica.com/technology/water-frame

• www.worldhistory.org/article/2183/the-textile-industry-in-the-british-industrial-rev/

• www.historycrunch.com/textile-manufacturing-in-the-industrial-revolution

• However the increase of new machines led to the loss of jobs in skilled textile workers.

• Although new, less skilled jobs were created, the poor working conditions in the textile mills helped form the trade union movement and spur governments to pass laws that protected the well-being of those who ensured the machines kept on spinning.

Sources used:

• https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2183/the-textile-industry-in-the-british-industrial-rev/

• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/textile-manufacturing/

• https://www.historycrunch.com/textile-manufacturing-in-the-industrial-revolution.html#/

• The Water Frame: Invented by Richard Arkwright in 1769 which made stronger and finer yarn than the Spinning Jenny

  1. Spun 96 spindles

• The Spinning Mule: Invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779, which produced finer and uniform yarn, superior to the past Spinning Jenny and Water Frame

  1. Spun 1320 spindles but needed human labor to operate

• The Power Loom: Invented in 1785 by Edmund Cartwright which doubled cloth production speed but lacked efficiency

  1. Needed one worker to change spindles every 7 min

• The Cotton Gin: Invented by Eli Whitney in 1794 in order to separated sticky seeds from cotton

  1. A single machine processed 55 pounds of cotton per day

• The Cast Iron Loom: Invented by Richard Roberts in 1822 which used iron instead of wood

  1. Yarn did not snap as often and yarn production increased

• The Self Acting Mule: Invented in 1825 again by Richard Roberts which limited human labor and enhanced the spinning machine using gears, cranks, and guide clocks

• The Sewing Machine: Invented by Elias Howe in 1844 which increased textile strength and production by nearly 30 times

• More factories led to more jobs and higher population in major cities

• However the boom of machines led to the loss of jobs in skilled textile workers

Cite:

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2183/the-textile-industry-in-the-british-industrial-rev/

Links

https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-origins/era-6-the-long-nineteenth-century-1750-ce-to-1914-ce/x23c41635548726c4:other-materials-origins-era-6/a/read-imperialism-and-de-industrialization-in-india-origins

• The Flying Shuttle: The shuttle was an invention that helped improve the speed of weaving allowing one person to do the job that originally required five people with four helpers and a single weaver.

  • Flying shuttle helped improve the process of weaving, by mounting the shuttle on two wheels in a track and using a jerk cord to allow the quick movement of the shuttle, rather than throwing or passing the threads by hand, simplifying the process of weaving.

  • It heavily supported the Industrial Revolution due to the necessity of more production with the use of less labor due to the high wages that were present in European areas.

• The spinning Jenny: It was a hand power Multiple spindle spinning frame created by James Hargreaves in 1770. 

  • The device reduces the amount of work needed to produce cloths, with one worker being able to create eight or more spools from the original limit of a single spool, with production growing in number, as technology advanced.

  • -The Jenny helped start factory system manufacturing of cotton as originally cotton could not keep up with the demand for textiles, but the flying shuttle improved productivity and increased demand. 

  • The spinning Jenny helped reduce the number of workers needed to create a large amount of fabric and thread, but as a downside the thread produced was coarse.

• The water frame was a machine that produced yarn by using water mills, making it completely powered by water and it improved on the spinning Jenny’s Limitation of only being able to create weak thread.

  • The machine worked by having three set pairs of rollers that turned a different speeds, producing yarn of a set thickness, with the spindles also being twisted very firmly together.

  • The machine improved under the spinning jenny’s weak strings, but it was too large to be hand-operated, meaning the use of a separate power source, which eventually became water.

  • The water frame helped provide an automatic and continuous textile machine, allowing production to move from smaller areas to larger factories, helping kickstart the Industrial Revolution

  • An issue with the source of Power is its necessity of access to running water such as streams or rivers, making it inefficient. Furthermore, unlike the Spinning Jenny, its predecessor, it could only create 4 spools at a time.

• Another major invention was the steam engine and the use of coal and their interrelated ability, which helped provide new sources of power and enable expansion into new markets and areas.

  • The steam engine provided new sources of power which was not dependent on workers directly or access to any source such as running water and this separation from running water allowed the factories to be placed away from water sources accessing new areas and markets

  • This also benefitted the factory system with the use of fewer workers and the movement into larger areas.

  • Another benefit was the abundance of coal as a natural resource, which was one of the main necessary components needed for the use of the steam engine.

  • Furthermore, the steam engine also helped in the movement of goods with railroads helping Move large quantities of goods from 1 factory To another or even port cities so that they could be traded.

  • Sources:

  • The Water Frame: Revolutionizing Textiles in the Industrial Age | HowStuffWorks

  • Richard Arkwright and His Wonderful Machine: The Water Frame (interestingengineering.com)

  • Water frame | textile technology | Britannica

  • James Hargreaves' Spinning Jenny and the Industrial Revolution | HowStuffWorks

  • Flying shuttle | Weaving, Textiles, Loom | Britannica

  • The Steam Engine Powers the Industrial Revolution | Encyclopedia.com

• The industarial revolution started because of its cheap energy and the great quantity of coal it had.

  
  

• The coal was used as energy.

  
  

• The coal being used as energy helped power a lot of the machines which helped create vast amounts of profit and decreased the amount and cost of labor.

• Another reason the Industrial Revolution might have first occurred in Britain was because of the agricultural revolution

• This was when there were many advances in the way people farmed and there was also a huge rise in population due to the amount of food available.

• This caused many labor opportunities as some small farmers lost their fields and jobs and had to go to work in factories.

  
  

• Another reason for it to start in Britain was because of all the trade and colonizing that Britain was doing. The trading and colonizing gave Britain much of the money and resources needed to make new technology which helped advance the Industrial Revolution.

  
  

• Another reason was the strong sense of entrepreneurship in Britain. There was lots of people investing in many inventions which helped cause lots of innovation. There were also many inventors. Making many new machines.

• Another reason was the resources in Britain. Along with coal, there was also lots of iron, lead, copper, and tin which could be used in inventions or other things.

Source:

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2221/why-the-industrial-revolution-started-in-britain/

• Richard Arkwright (1732-1792)

  • He along with John Kay (clockmaker, not the flying shuttle inventor) Invented the first water frame, patented in 1769

  • Kay’s clock-making skills helped perfect how to make the machine's gears work smoothly and find the right materials for it.

    • Water Frame:

      • An improvement of the Spinning Jenny 

      • Allowed for the production of finer and stronger yarn 

      • Used rollers to perform the tasks before done by fingers and thumbs

    • Early Version Of Water Frame:

      • Powered by 1 horse 

      • Spun around 96 spindles at once

    • Later Version:

      • By 1771 the water frame water was operated by women and spun 129 spindles at once

• In addition to the Water Frame Arkwright later invented a new machine, a carding machine patented in 1775

  • This machine provided better source material for spinning machines 

  • Greatly cut labor costs and made Arkwright a lot of money

• Samuel Crompton (1753-1827)

  • Invented the Spinning Mule in 1779

    • The Spinning Mule was a combo of Hargreaves' Spinning Jenny and Arkwright’s Water Frame

    • Allowed for the production of finer and more uniform yarn and could have up to 1,320 spindles 

    • By the 1790’s these machines were steam-powered and extremely popular

    • There were soon over 50 million in Lancashire alone

• Edmund Cartwright (1743-1823)

  • Created the -water and steam- Power Loom

    • The machine was operated by one worked alone and doubled the speed of cloth production

    • The Power Loom was first efficiently used in Richard Arkwright’s factories 

    • The Power Loom had such significance to the textile industry that Cartwright was awarded £10,000 in 1809 from the British Government

• Richard Roberts (1789-1864) 

  • Invented the first steam-powered cast-iron loom in 1822

  • The change from using wood, cartwright’s loom, to using iron helped decrease instances of yarn snapping, becoming loose, and getting tangled in the machine 

    • Greatly increased the production of woven cloth 

  • In 1825 Robert created a spinning machine that used cranks and gears to spin yarn around the clock with little human input

• By 1835 there were over 50,000 power looms in Britain alone and approximately 75% of cotton mills were using steam power

• The textile industry became almost completely automated and many skilled workers lost their jobs 

• British machines were able to produce in 2,000 hours which Indian factories needed 50,000 hours to achieve.

  
  

• https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2183/the-textile-industry-in-the-british-industrial-rev/ 

Cite:

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/textile-manufacturing/

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2183/the-textile-industry-in-the-british-industrial-rev/

https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-british-textile-industry-in-the-industrial-revolution.html#:~:text=Key%20innovations%20to%20the%20British,cotton%20cloth%20in%20the%20world.

• Scottish inventor James Watt made refinements to the steam engine that helped to launch the revolution

• His engines were primarily used to pump water and air into and out of mines.

• With time, efficient engines would be able to work to create better forms of transportation

This included both steamboat lines that used rivers that were open to navigation and railroads that relied on the steam power to drive locomotives.

Invention 2 - The Telegraph

• The telegraph was perfected by Samuel Morse who developed a series of dots and dashes that would be transmitted electrically in 1836, which became known as Morse Code

• The first telegraph service, however was opened in 1844

• In 1876, Scottish inventor, Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone

• These invention contributed to helping communications during the revolution

Invention 3 - The Cotton Gin

• The cotton gin was invented in 1794 by Eli Whitney

• It mechanized the process of removing seeds from cotton, making the process easier

• However, the invention was special because of its unique, interchangeable parts, meaning if one part broke it could easily be replaced by another copy.

• Not on did it make processing cotton less laborious, but also cheaper

Invention 4 - The Sewing Machine

• Created by Isaac Singer, with the help of Elias Howe the sewing machine allowed for the mass production of clothing

• This expanded the nation’s textile industry and made housework easier

Invention 5 - The Electric Light Bulb

• Invented in 1879 by Thomas Edison

• Kept large factories illuminated

• This extended shifts and increased manufacturing output

Source:

https://www.thoughtco.com/industrial-revolution-inventors-chart-4059637

• Earliest example of steam engines in coal mines is the Newcomen engine, used steam to power a pump that held back water from mine shafts

• Steam-powered machines needed large amounts of energy to power them, coal was the solution

• Coal is more powerful and efficient than burning wood

• There were not enough trees in Britain to facilitate running these machines

•  Darby: first person to use processed coal to smelt iron in early 1700s

• As prices for coal fell, iron became a major coal user

• Iron also helped assist steam engines

• Helped Coalbrookdale build iron tramways

• William Murdock showed could could be used for street lighting

• This would replace burning oil or candles

• Albert Winsor demonstrated coal's potential in this area by powering street lights from Pall Mall to St. James' Park

• Pall Mall later received thirteen permanent coal-powered street lights

• Coal was becoming essential because of iron, steam engines, and street lights, so when prices decreased, the economy shifted massively

• 1900: Coal produced 6% of national income

In conclusion, coal helped accelerate powering steam engines, smelting iron, and powering street lights, and this impacted the economy. Society advanced as a whole, and new machines were able to be created because of a better way of harnessing energy.

Sources:

• https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zpfy3j6#zvrc96f

• https://www.thoughtco.com/coal-in-the-industrial-revolution-1221634

• https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2201/coal-mining-in-the-british-industrial-revolution/

https://www.economicsobservatory.com/what-can-we-learn-from-the-role-of-coal-in-the-industrial-revolution

How did the inventions affect one another?

• Jhon Kay invents Flying Shuttle -> increased weaving speed

• increased weaving speed -> increased demand for yarn

• increased demand for yarn -> inventions like the Spinning Jenny and water frame are created

• inventions like the Spinning Jenny and water frame are created -> use of water power

• use of water power -> Thomas Newcomen invents the Steam Engine to clear water out of mines

• Thomas Newcomen invents the Steam Engine to clear water out of mines -> Miners are able to extract more coal, sulfuric acid

• Miners are able to extract more sulfuric acid -> increased lead-lined chambers

• increased lead-lined chambers -> Lead production rises in (1750)

• Miners are able to extract more coal -> more steam engines are being used

• more steam engines are being used -> James Watt improves Steam Engine, allows for railroad and steamboat travel.

• Faster travel -> cheaper yarn production

• more steam engines are being used -> faster and cheaper cotton mills

These bullets demonstrate how each invention led to more innovation. Every single Invention during this time period solved a problem, but created the need for a new invention.

Source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zhL5DCizj5c&ab_channel=CrashCourse

The Flying Shuttle

• The beginning of the innovation in the industry can be credited to John Kay, who invented the Flying shuttle, which was a machine capable of speeding up the weaving process for yarn.

• As a result of this, the weaving of yarn was faster, but the supply of yarn that a person was able to make was not fast enough to keep up with how quickly the shuttle was able to work. Spinning wheels were the main tool used at the time, but the main flaw of these wheels were that each could only spin a single length of yarn at a time.

The Spinning Jenny

• With the rise of demand for a better way to spin yarn, another inventor, James Hargreaves (1720-1778), invented the spinning jenny, which was a frame which could spin 8 threads of yard as opposed to only a single one. This was the first design of the jenny, and eventually Hargreaves was able to spin 120 threads at the same time, and that made it so the jenny was worth the massive price compared to the spinning wheel.

• The jenny was very successful in Britain, and was quickly accepted by the people, but in other places like France and India, it took longer to be accepted since either the wages were lower or simply the price of employing human labor was cheaper than buying the jenny.

The Water Frame

• Richard Arkwright (1732-1792) was a wig maker before inventing the water frame, which was a device that would spin cotton, but as opposed to the spinning jenny, the resulting yarn was always much stronger and finer. Arkwright worked with a clockmaker who was named John Kay, but was not the Kay who made the shuttle. The frame was originally powered to spin 96 threads, and it would be pulled by a horse and used the force as the power source.

• One of the final versions of the frame had 129 spindles and women had become the primary operators of the machines since male textile workers who were skilled in operating specifically the frame were now no longer required.

The Spinning Mule

• Samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule in 1779, well after the jenny and water frame, and he took inspiration from each to create an improved hybrid of each previous innovation to make a machine that would improve the yarn that was made as a result. The machine was massive, being up to 150 feet in length, and had 1,320 spindles. It was more efficient in the fact that such a large machine only required 3 people to be operating it. About a decade later with the improvement of steam engines and development of that industry, a single factory could have up to 60 mules running on the steam power, which meant that eventually there were 50 million mule spindles working in Lancashire alone.

The Cotton Gin

• Eli Whitney (1765-1825) was a cotton plantation owner who needed a way to separate the seeds that would stick to the balls of cotton after each harvest. He invented the cotton gin, which was a horse/water wheel powered machine, and it pulled the raw cotton through a comb that the cotton could pass through comfortably, but the seeds would get caught throughout the teeth and hooks of the gin.

• Each gin could process up to 55 pounds of cotton daily, but many people copied the design for themselves and sold their own. Since cotton processing was faster, more cotton needed to be picked, so owners of plantations had more and more slaves working to get the necessary amount of cotton daily. This led to cotton becoming a very easy product to export quickly, and the cotton industry became about 55% of all imports by 1830.

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/2183/the-textile-industry-in-the-british-industrial-rev/