Education evolved significantly from the modern age to the contemporary era.

Key figures: Jean-Jacques Rousseau (education based on nature), John Dewey (learning by doing), Paulo Freire (critical pedagogy).

Shift from rigid, teacher-centered learning to student-centered and critical thinking approaches.

Marxism is a social, economic, and political theory analyzing how the ruling class exploits the working class.

Education under Marxism: Schools reinforce class inequality, preparing students from different backgrounds for different roles in society.

False consciousness: The idea that education manipulates the working class into accepting their social status as normal and fair.

Schools act as gatekeepers of knowledge, shaping ideologies to maintain capitalism.

Positivism (founded by Auguste Comte) promotes knowledge based on scientific observation and facts.

Education should rely on empirical data rather than subjective beliefs.

Schools emphasize discipline, structure, and factual learning.