Anatomy Final Project by https://padlet.com/howek/jnja0k5esqzf By: Kyla W. and Kaitlyn H. en-us 2017-06-05 20:24:28 UTC 2017-06-08 20:00:36 UTC hello@padlet.com Urinary System howek https://padlet.com/howek/jnja0k5esqzf/wish/175460654 The system's purpose:
  • The Urinary system is how we get rid of waste from our body. It deals primarily with urine, which comes from the Kidneys. The urinary system can also deal with lost of water/ any other fluid from perspiration or breathing. 
  • Which organs make up the system:
  • Kidneys, Bladder, Ureters, Urethra, 
  • The functions of the organs:
  • Kidney: They are in charge of filtering out the waste and extra water from the blood. These waste products contribute to urine. Kidneys can also secrete a hormone that promotes red blood cell production. They can also help with blood pressure. 
  • Urinary Bladder: The urinary bladder stores all the urine. The bladder is made up of four layers of tissue. The epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis propria, perivesical soft tissue. 
  • Ureters: These are the tubes that carry the urine from the kidneys to the bladder. They are very thick and muscular. They can be up to 10-12 inches long in an average adult. 
  • Urethra: This is the last step for urine. This is the tube that allows urine to get out of the body. The urethra in male and females are different lengths. The males is longer than a females.  
  • Relationship of this system to at least two other systems:
  • Circulatory system: This is because blood travels to the kidneys and is cleaned of its waste in the kidneys. 
  • Endocrine system: This is because the adrenal glands are attached to the kidneys. They are on the superior portion of the kidneys. 
  • Compare and contrast between human and frog:
  • The human and the frog both have two kidneys located on the back, or dorsal side of the body. The frog’s anatomy with the urinary system is practically the same as a human’s, but it is smaller in size due to the size of the frog. 
  • Two medical problems associated with this system:
  • Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): This infection is more common in women, this is because the female has a shorter urethra than a male. So the bacteria has a shorter distance to travel. The symptoms of a UTI are a burning sensation when you use the bathroom, the sensation of having to urinate even when you don’t need to, cloudy or dark urine.  
  • Kidney Stones: This is caused by a very concentrated chemical that when the kidney tries to secrete it, it forms crystals. This can be due to genetics, long term dehydration, diet of fruits and vegetables that are high in oxalate, and a urinary infections. 

]]> 2017-06-06 20:39:07 UTC https://padlet.com/howek/jnja0k5esqzf/wish/175460654 Reproductive System howek https://padlet.com/howek/jnja0k5esqzf/wish/175460722 The system's purpose:
  • The reproductive system works in both males and females to regulate, stimulate, and produce hormones, as well as using those hormones to prepare the body for procreation, and in females, to maintain a healthy and habitable body for the fetus to live in for the duration of its gestation.
  • Which organs make up the system:
  • In females, the organs of the reproductive system are the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina.
  • In males, the organs of the reproductive system are the penis, testes, epididymis, vas deferens, and accessory sex glands.
  • The functions of the organs:
  • Females: 
  • The ovaries are glands which produce eggs, once a month, normally only on a single side, which are taken by the fallopian tubes to the uterus. They also store the immature eggs until maturation, and stimulate and produce hormones.
  • The fallopian tubes lead from the ovaries to the uterus, carrying mature eggs. 
  • The uterus is a pouch made of muscle, shaped like an upside down pear, lined with a tissue called the endometrium. This is where a fetus is nurtured during gestation.
  • The cervix is the mouth of the uterus leading to the vagina.
  • The vagina is a canal made of muscle also called the birth canal which connects the uterus (where the baby rests in gestation) to the genital (where the baby is expelled during birth).
  • Males:
  • The penis is mostly a tissue which fills with blood during sexual arousal, and contains the urethra through which semen is ejaculated from.
  • The testes are glands located externally from the body in the scrotum, which is important in regulating their temperature. They produce both sex hormones and sperm, for which the temperature control is crucial.
  • The epididymis is a group of tubes attaching to the testicle, which collects the sperm made their and stores it until use.
  • The vas deferens is what the epididymis turns into, which is a slightly larger tube that carries the sperm from epididymis to the urethra for ejactualtion during sex.
  • There are multiple accessory sex glands which contain the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands which all provide nourishment for the sperm which turns it into semen.
  • Relationship of this system to at least two other systems:
  • The circulatory system is connected to the reproductive system, as the blood flow is crucial to both the male and female sex organs. In females, blood is integral to the menstrual cycle and preparing and nurturing the uterus for a baby. In males blood flow is singularly important when it comes to the act that precedes procreation.
  • The endocrine is also highly reliant on the reproductive system, as many of the organs of the reproductive system produce or signal for the production of hormones, both on a daily, monthly cycle, on a situational basis, and within the cycle of your life.
  • Compare and contrast between human and frog:
  • For the female reproductive system the eggs are in the abdomen, but in a human the eggs are in the uterus. The male frogs testes are connected to the kidneys, but in a human they are near the kidneys. 
  • Two medical problems associated with this system:
  • In women, ovarian cancer is one of the more deadly cancers, as it is normally not detected until it is at a further stage than is preferable when it comes to treating cancer.
  • In men, prostate cancer is fairly common, because is it made of quickly renewing tissues. The typical treatments are radiation therapy (like chemo), simply watching and waiting to determine if the cancer worsens, hormone treatment as the cancer is on a hormone gland, or surgery, though the particular treatment often differs based on the age of the subject and the condition/stage of the cancer.

]]> 2017-06-06 20:39:54 UTC https://padlet.com/howek/jnja0k5esqzf/wish/175460722 Lymphatic System howek https://padlet.com/howek/jnja0k5esqzf/wish/175786528 The system's purpose : 
  • The lymphatic system is part of the immune system, and is comprised mostly of a series of tube-like vessels that parallel the circulatory system, filled with a fluid called lymph. The system works on destroying viruses, bacteria, other infections, and taking care of dead or decaying cells, as well as cancerous cells.
  • Which organs make up the system : 
  • The spleen, thymus, tonsils, adenoids,  lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and lymph are what make up the lymphatic system.
  • The functions of the organs : 
  • The spleen monitors the amount of red blood cells in the body. When it exposes bacteria or other harmful microorganisms in the blood, the spleen and the lymph nodes both begin to produce lymphocytes, commonly known as white blood cells. 
  • The thymus sits above the heart in your chest, and inside are immature lymphocytes, where they stay and are prepared until they are full mature lymphocytes called T - cells which help fight cancer or other abnormalities like infections in cells.
  • The tonsils are a mass of lymphatic cells, and as they are situated at the back of both the nose and mouth, they serve as a type of first defense where they can attack any invaders coming in as you breathe or eat.
  • The adenoids are similar to tonsils, however they are situated farther up, more in the back of the nose rather than the back of the throat.
  • The lymph nodes filter the lymph fluid. Any debris and waste are taken out, and they are filled with lymphocytes that attack any foreign matter found in the lymph. They are the kidney of lymph fluid, and are also kidney bean in shape. They are found in your throat, armpits, groin, chest, and abdomen.
  • The lymphatic vessels carry the lymph fluid. They parallel the capillaries of the circulatory system, however only on the return trip back towards the head as lymph fluid is only generated after the cells receive their nutrients.
  • Lymph is the clear fluid that the lymphatic vessels carry, and is made of white blood cells. After blood plasma delivers nutrients to each cell, it returns with waste products and part of it remains venous blood but the other parts move to the lymphatic system as lymph fluid.
  • Relationship of this system to at least two other systems:
  • The lymphatic system is closely tied to the circulatory system, both in shape and dispersion through the body, and the function. The lymphatic system filters some of the  waste products of the circulatory system, mostly the microorganism and dead cells waste, while the compound (minerals, salts, etc) waste is generally handled by the kidneys which are the circulatory system’s own filtration system.
  • The lymphatic system, or rather the tonsils and adenoids of the lymphatic system are linked to the respiratory system, as they are responsible for capturing possible invaders, which is important as to make sure that the atmosphere reaching and filling the lungs is as clean as possible to make sure that the lungs don’t get infected.
  • Compare and contrast between human and frog:
  • The frog has lymph hearts which are only found in amphibians, reptiles and flightless birds. The purpose of this is to pump lymph that came from the circulatory system back into circulatory system. The human also has a few organs that the frog doesn’t have in its system. Humans have tonsils, adenoids, and thymus. 
  • Two medical problems associated with this system:
  • Lymphedema : swelling of the lymph nodes due to blockages.
  • Lymphoma : cancer in the lymph nodes due to the uncontrollable growth and multiplication of lymphocytes. 
  • Lymphadenitis : swelling of the lymph nodes due to the infection of the nodes, possibly from the microorganisms that are in the lymph.

]]> 2017-06-08 19:08:41 UTC https://padlet.com/howek/jnja0k5esqzf/wish/175786528 Endocrine System howek https://padlet.com/howek/jnja0k5esqzf/wish/175786560 The system's purpose:
  • The endocrine system is composed of all of the glands in the body which  produce hormones. The hormones are used to regulate a variety of things, including growth and development, metabolism, mood, sleep, menstrual cycle, and other natural rhythms. 
  • Which organs make up the system:
  • The endocrine system is made of less organs and more glands, such as the hypothalamus, parathyroid, pineal, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, and adrenal glands, plus the ovaries, pancreas, and testes.
  • The functions of the organs:
  • The hypothalamus is a gland in the center of the brain that controls the pituitary gland, as well as secreting hormones such as growth hormones, follicle hormones, and oxytocin.
  • The parathyroid glands are in front of the thyroid gland. They control the amount of calcium in the blood.
  • The pineal gland is in front of the thalamus in the brain. It is connected to the retina in your eye, and uses the degree of lightness to determine how much melatonin to produce, creating your circadian rhythm which is also known as the sleep wake cycle.
  • The pituitary gland is in front of the hypothalamus in the brain. It produces many hormones, and is near many blood vessels to increase the dispersal of the hormones. Some of the hormones include oxytocin, hormones preventing water loss, thyroid stimulating hormones, adrenal stimulated hormones, follicle stimulating hormones, hormones encouraging the gonads to produce their own sex hormones, growth hormones, and hormones to stimulating lactation.
  • The thyroid is butterfly shaped and sits on either side of the front of the trachea in your throat. It produces three main hormones which help with blood calcium levels, and the metabolic rate of your body, increasing activity in your cells, and the usage of energy in your body.
  • The thymus is in your chest and produces thymosins, which mature T-lymphocytes while you are young and growing. The lymphocytes are part of the lymphatic system which is your immunity.
  • The adrenal glands are found just above the kidneys. They are composed of two different layers, and create the hormones which control the breakdown of compounds such as proteins and lipids, mineral concentration, inflammation, immune response, epinephrine, norepinephrine which are part of the fight or flight response which increases heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure, and hormones called androgens which are only produced in low levels to monitor the activity of cells that use male hormones.
  • The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone. Progesterone is most common during pregnancy, maintaining the proper conditions for the fetus. Estrogen affects things such as menstrual cycle, breast development, uterine development, and growth of pubic hair.
  • The pancreas has two types of cells which contribute to the endocrine system. Alpha cells produce glucagon which raises will blood glucose levels. Beta cells produce insulin which decreases blood glucose levels.
  • The testes produce testosterone which controls many other organs and hormones, such as follicle stimulating, growth, and other factors contributing to puberty.
  • Relationship of this system to at least two other systems:
  • Many of the hormones from the endocrine system affect the circulatory system, in terms of blood pressure, blood sugar, and blood flow. This is both in a general, day to day sense, and in stressful situation your hormones kick in in fight or flight mode, changing and redirecting your blood to be more efficient.
  • The endocrine system is massively connected to the reproductive system, seeing as many of the hormones are for the express purpose of developing the body into an sexually mature adult, and for the maintenance or immediate preparation for a pregnancy.
  • Compare and contrast between human and frog:
  • In a frog the endocrine system helps them hibernate in the winter, and then in both humans and the frog the endocrine system aids in the secretion of hormones. The hormones are there to help maintain homeostasis. 
  • Two medical problems associated with this system:
  • Diabetes is one of the most common endocrine disorders, which is when the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin to properly control your blood glucose levels. Manufactured insulin can be taken to counteract diabetes.
  • Hypothyroidism is when the thyroid doesn’t produce enough, and as it has many indirect effects on the production of other hormones, a person’s whole endocrine system can be imbalanced, unless they take thyroid supplements
]]> 2017-06-08 19:08:47 UTC https://padlet.com/howek/jnja0k5esqzf/wish/175786560 Digestive System howek https://padlet.com/howek/jnja0k5esqzf/wish/175786600 The system's purpose:
  • To break down the food that we eat and turn it into energy. 
  • Which organs make up the system:
  • The mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, pancreas, liver gallbladder, rectum, and anus are the organs which make up the digestive system.
  • The functions of the organs:
  • The mouth is the start of the digestive system. This starts the breaking down of food by chewing. Then when saliva is added this helps the body to break down the food into something the body can digest. 
  • The esophagus is the tube that carries the food from your mouth to your stomach. It is located next to the trachea. 
  • The stomach is the first main chamber that the food comes to after the mouth. This is where the food is held while enzymes are being added to the concoction. The lining of the stomach contain the enzymes and acids needed to breakdown the food further before it is release into the small intestine.  
  • The small intestine is made up of three segments that come together to make a 22 foot long tube. The three segments are duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum. The duodenum is responsible for the breaking down of food more. Then the jejunum and ileum are responsible for absorption. 
  • The large intestine is around 5 feet long and around 2.5 inches in diameter. It mainly is responsible for removing water from the remaining waste, and also hold symbiotic bacteria which continue to remove nutrients from the food.
  • The pancreas is just below and in front of the stomach. It is about 6 inches long and connects to the duodenum, where it secretes digestive enzymes for digestion into the small intestine to complete the digestion of the food.
  • The liver is semi-triangular and situated just above the stomach. It is about 3 pounds in mass, and one of the larger organs in the entire body. The main function of the liver is to produce bile, and secrete the bile into the small intestine, although it mas many other functions as well that coincide better with other body systems. The bile breaks down the substances that are more fatty and oily into more usable compounds.
  • The gallbladder sits in front of the liver, and holds all of the surplus bile, as well as reprocessing the bile so that it may be used again.
  • The rectum is what the large intestine funnels into, directing and holding the waste before it exits the body.
  • The anus is where all surplus waste and materials not able to be digested are expelled from the body.
  • Relationship of this system to at least two other systems:
  • The digestive system works well with the respiratory system by giving the respiratory system nutrients to function.
  • The digestive systems provides your muscular system with the amino acids needed to build the necessary proteins for muscle movement and function.
  • Many of the organs in the digestive system are also in use with the endocrine system, as they might also produce hormones, or they provide signals to the brain about your stage of life or stress level (like starvation) which would alter which hormones are being produced.
  • Compare and contrast between human and frog:
  • The frog only has two sections of the small intestine unlike the human. The frog only has the duodenum and the ileum. The do not have the middle portion called the jejunum. Otherwise the digestive system in the frog and the human are very similar.  
  • Two medical problems associated with this system:
  • Colon cancer is one of the more prolific cancers and diseases of the digestive system and the human body, this is due to the intestine being made of epithelial tissue which sloughs off and is replaced with a high frequency. 
  • Crohn’s disease is the inflammation of any part of the digestive tract. While not fully understood, it appears that some of the disease can be described as your immune system attacking normally symbiotic bacteria in your gut, which is why it is most common in the small intestine, while it can infect the esophagus or rectum.

]]> 2017-06-08 19:08:59 UTC https://padlet.com/howek/jnja0k5esqzf/wish/175786600 Diagram of the Urinary System howek https://padlet.com/howek/jnja0k5esqzf/wish/175788071 2017-06-08 19:20:58 UTC https://padlet.com/howek/jnja0k5esqzf/wish/175788071 Diagram of the Reproductive System howek https://padlet.com/howek/jnja0k5esqzf/wish/175788304 2017-06-08 19:22:56 UTC https://padlet.com/howek/jnja0k5esqzf/wish/175788304 Diagram of the Lymphatic System howek https://padlet.com/howek/jnja0k5esqzf/wish/175788562 2017-06-08 19:25:45 UTC https://padlet.com/howek/jnja0k5esqzf/wish/175788562 Diagram of the Digestive System howek https://padlet.com/howek/jnja0k5esqzf/wish/175788884 2017-06-08 19:28:52 UTC https://padlet.com/howek/jnja0k5esqzf/wish/175788884 Diagram of the Endocrine System howek https://padlet.com/howek/jnja0k5esqzf/wish/175789034 2017-06-08 19:30:38 UTC https://padlet.com/howek/jnja0k5esqzf/wish/175789034 Bibliography https://padlet.com/howek/jnja0k5esqzf/wish/175791491 (n.d.). Retrieved June 05, 2017, from https://oncofertility.northwestern.edu/files/images/labeled-female-reproductive-system-diagramjpg
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