2) Structural change is a change in the organisational structure such as team building or downsizing. These changes are made to make operations run more smoothly, improve overall coordination and control or empower individuals to make their own decisions in the area of their work.

3) Process-oriented change are changes related to technology, automation, robotics, computerization and the like. If process-oriented change takes the form of re-engineering, it, may have diamatic effects on the organisation’s culture.

4) People-oriented change include changes directed at the attitudes, behaviors, skills or performance of the employees of the organisation. It is very crucial for managers to change their employees in order to change their organisations. People-oriented changes can be achieved through retraining, replacing current employees or increasing the performance expectations of new employees.

 |  External Sources of opportunity change | Political-legislation: practising Health and Safety regular and educate the children to understand why is important
| Socio-cultural: educate to accept the other culture and help children who are a non-English speaker, apply anti-bullying programme to help children to interact better and smoothly interact the community by applying ESOL /Speech-language therapist or professional help in an appropriate time when the children start to attend the school or kindergartner.
|  Internal Sources of opportunity change | People& human resources: select appropriate teachers at the interview process  - who willing to undergo (if necessary) the psychological test to filter out who can effectively teach the children and able to manage the different situation and also able to tolerate everyday pressure.
| Structural: give more opportunity for parents to decide when they want to enrol their child/children at the school (5 or 6 years old or between then)And seek professionals opinion/s -if necessary - because not all children are same.

 

Political –The government introducing law/legislation around the use of plastic bags.  Retail businesses would need to offer alternative packaging solutions e.g. reusable bags. 

Technology Process – computer software that automatically checks invoices against receipts, requiring an accounts clerk to only review invoices that don’t match due to a discrepancy, e.g. dollar value, quantity. 

Structure – Company expansion will require the recruitment of new staff or training/development of current staff.  Alternatively the company may need to reduce staff, e.g. redundancies which would see a decrease in staffing levels.  Either would see a change to the hierarchy

Economic:  A change in the value of the dollar may encourage a footwear manufacturing company to have their production moved offshore, allowing them to save money and increase their product type.

Technological:  A new form of manufacturing process may encourage a local dairy production company to change the way they make their cheese, allowing them to increase output.

Internal source of change

Internal process:  A change to the internal systems of a small business may allow them the opportunity to sell their products online via a website, rather than solely retail. An example may be a secondhand dealer setting up a TradeMe account and selling their product via that channel.

HR: A new manager with business training may see new opportunities that were not apparent to previous manager. An example may be a Butchers shop start selling fundraising packs of bacon to local sports clubs.