These experiences brought up by episodic memory can be recent or ages old.

Examples of Episodic Memory include:

• Details of a phone call

• How you felt during an argument

• What it felt like to achieve a goal

Psychology Today. (n.d.). Types of memory. www.psychologytoday.com. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/memory/types-of-memory

Examples of Semantic Memory include:

• What year it currently is

• The capital of a country

• The meaning of a slang term

Psychology Today. (n.d.). Types of memory. www.psychologytoday.com. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/memory/types-of-memory

Involved in the process of learning skills.

Related to the term kinesthetic memory.

Procedural Memory includes remembering:

• How to tie shoes

• How to send an email

• How to shoot a basketball

Psychology Today. (n.d.). Types of memory. www.psychologytoday.com. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/memory/types-of-memory

Short-term memory is used when a detail is consciously processed and retained for at least a short period of time. It may then be saved in long-term memory, or forgotten quickly.

• Example: meeting a new person and remembering their name and small details about them.

• Includes remembering:

  • The appearance of someone you met recently

  • The current temperature after looking it up

  • What happened moments ago in a movie or TV show

Working memory is used when information is held in mind so that it can be used in the moment.

• Example: reading the words in a sentence and holding the information in order to continue reading onward.

• Includes remembering:

  • A number you have calculated as part of a mental math problem

  • The person names at the start of a sentence

  • Holding a concept in mind and combining it with another

Psychology Today. (n.d.). Types of memory. www.psychologytoday.com. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/memory/types-of-memory

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Psychology Today. (n.d.). Types of memory. www.psychologytoday.com. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/memory/types-of-memory

Sousa, D. A. (2022). How the brain learns (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.

Wolz, K. (n.d.). Trauma and the Brain: A Look at How Traumatic Events Shape Memory and Perception – Mosaic Georgia. Mosaic Georgia. https://www.mosaicgeorgia.org/trauma-and-the-brain-a-look-at-how-traumatic-events-shape-memory-and-perception/

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• lights, sounds, etc.

Iconic memory

• brief memory of something just seen

Echoic memory

• brief memory of something just heard

Sensory Memory includes remembering:

• The sound of a piano note that was just played

• The appearance of a car that just drove by

• The smell of a restaurant you just passed by

Psychology Today. (n.d.). Types of memory. www.psychologytoday.com. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/memory/types-of-memory

Recalling an intention from the past in order to do something in the future.

Essential for daily functioning

• ensure that people execute their plans

• ensure that people meet their expectations

Prospective Memory includes remembering:

• To call someone back

• To stop somewhere on the way home

• To pay rent every month

Psychology Today. (n.d.). Types of memory. www.psychologytoday.com. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/memory/types-of-memory

• "the process whereby long-term memory preserves learning in such a way that it can locate, identify, and retrieve it accurately in the future" (Sousa, 2022).

• Influenced by many factors:

  • the degree of student focus

  • the length and type of rehearsal that occurred

  • the critical attributes that may have been identified

  • the student's learning profile

  • the influence of prior learnings

Sousa, D. A. (2022). How the brain learns (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.

• more frequently provoked by the environment than done consciously by the learner

  • example: hearing a song that instantly brings back memories

• "To use transfer effectively, teachers need to purposefully identify factors that facilitate learning (positive transfer) while minimizing or eliminating factors that can cause interference (negative transfer)" (Sousa, 2022).

Factors that Affect Transfer

• The context and degree of original learning

  • Teaching students to be conscious of both the new learning and the context into which it fits, we help them make strong associations for future recall

• Similarity

  • can generate transfer if the similarity of the situation in which something is being learned and the situation to which the learning may transfer

    • Example: jet pilots training in flight simulators before they fly an actual plan

• Critical attributes

  • Characteristics that make one idea unique from all others

• Association

  • expands the brain's ability to retain information

  • new connections are formed between neurons, and new insights are encoded

    • example: tree growing new branches

Sousa, D. A. (2022). How the brain learns (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.

• responsible for our survival instincts

  • heart rate

  • respiration

  • blood pressure

  • consciousness

  • sleep

Midbrain

• stores memory

• processes emotions

• a connection between our cortex and our brain stem

Cortex

• responsible for cognitive processing

• decision making

• controlling thoughts and emotions

Wolz, K. (n.d.). Trauma and the Brain: A Look at How Traumatic Events Shape Memory and Perception – Mosaic Georgia. Mosaic Georgia. https://www.mosaicgeorgia.org/trauma-and-the-brain-a-look-at-how-traumatic-events-shape-memory-and-perception/

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Wolz, K. (n.d.). Trauma and the Brain: A Look at How Traumatic Events Shape Memory and Perception – Mosaic Georgia. Mosaic Georgia. https://www.mosaicgeorgia.org/trauma-and-the-brain-a-look-at-how-traumatic-events-shape-memory-and-perception/

• sends messages to other parts of the brain to activate flight or fight response

• memories are attached to emotion

• Traumatic memories are stuck here

  • does not reach the hippocampus

    • the area of the brain that records details (what, when, where, who, etc.)

• Survivor memories

  • often emerges as a strong emotional or sensory experience

  • trauma shuts down the ability to integrate events episodically

    • creates a barrier to recalling things like dates and locations

      
      

Wolz, K. (n.d.). Trauma and the Brain: A Look at How Traumatic Events Shape Memory and Perception – Mosaic Georgia. Mosaic Georgia. https://www.mosaicgeorgia.org/trauma-and-the-brain-a-look-at-how-traumatic-events-shape-memory-and-perception/

DiTullio, G. (2021). How to Engage Students’ Memory Processes to Improve Learning. Edutopia. https://www.edutopia.org/article/how-engage-students-memory-processes-improve-learning

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Retrieval Practice Strategies

• flash cards

• writing down a summary of the day's learning

• stating three main points and their importance

• entrance and exit tickets

• frequent quizzes

• interactive programs

  • examples: Kahoot and Quizlet

Retrieval and quicker recall will instill the information within a student's memory and give them faster access to the information when needed.

DiTullio, G. (2021). How to Engage Students’ Memory Processes to Improve Learning. Edutopia. https://www.edutopia.org/article/how-engage-students-memory-processes-improve-learning

Mix up lesson activities.

Stop lectures and have students engage in the following practices:

• turn and talks

• demonstrations

• active learning or hands-on activities

• summarize or draw a picture of the main points

• use concept or story-mapping strategies

Students being able to use the information learned in a variety of ways will help them process the learned material into their long-term memories.

DiTullio, G. (2021). How to Engage Students’ Memory Processes to Improve Learning. Edutopia. https://www.edutopia.org/article/how-engage-students-memory-processes-improve-learning

DiTullio, G. (2021). How to Engage Students’ Memory Processes to Improve Learning. Edutopia. https://www.edutopia.org/article/how-engage-students-memory-processes-improve-learning