Semester 1 Study Guide by Eleanor McArthur https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq en-us 2018-10-23 16:30:30 UTC 2025-03-18 00:33:55 UTC hello@padlet.com Ch. 12: The Worlds of the 15th Century (1345-1526) 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296057029 2018-10-23 16:35:34 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296057029 Paleolithic (hunter-gatherer tribes) 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296059935 - Looked for food and shelter]]> 2018-10-23 16:40:19 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296059935 Aztecs 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296064091 - Mesoamerica (Central America/Mexico)
- Capital: Tenochtitlan
- 5-6 million people
- One single political framework
- Complex religion
  • Human sacrifice (conquered people)
  • Buildings/temples for worship and sacrifice
- Specialized jobs
- Gender parallelism 
- Men and women work/live together
- Calendar system
]]> 2018-10-23 16:46:31 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296064091 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296064619 Igbo:
- African tribe
- Matriarchal
- Trade/communication
- "The Igbo have no kings"]]> 2018-10-23 16:47:19 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296064619 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296068897 Iroquois
-New York
- Women: agriculture
- Men: war/fighting
-League of 5 Nations (peace treaty)]]> 2018-10-23 16:53:18 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296068897 Agricultural Societies 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296069433 - Small villages that farmed]]> 2018-10-23 16:54:03 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296069433 Inca 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296072073 -Andes Mountain range (2500 mi)
-10 million people
- Bureaucratic government (one emperor with governors)
- Conquered people are left alone as long as the obilgue 
- Gender parallelism
- Men and women are separate]]> 2018-10-23 16:57:50 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296072073 China vs. Europe 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296082387 2018-10-23 17:14:05 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296082387 Chinese Maritime Expansion 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296082578 - Have everything they need to be successful in China
  • Do not need anyone/anything
  • Wants to flaunt their wealth
- Strong Naval Army
- Europe wants what China has and wants to trade with them
- Chinese Maritime expansion stopped in 1400 due to the death of Zheng He and the emperor
  • Focused in on protection after (Great Wall)
- Zheng He (1400-1433)
  • Missionary
  • Fleet of over 300 ships with 27,000 sailors
]]> 2018-10-23 17:14:25 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296082578 Ch. 13 Political Transformations: Empires and Encounters (1470-1750) 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296250269 2018-10-24 01:30:10 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296250269 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296250487 2018-10-24 01:31:18 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296250487 Empire Building 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296252504 2018-10-24 01:40:59 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296252504 Russia 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296252644 - Colonized into South and East of Moscow/Siberia/Asia/into the Pacific
- Conquered people
- Required some for of taxation (wealthy)
  • - Fur
    • "Soft gold"
-Spread disease and Christianity
- Some racial blending with no racism
- "Russified"
- Peter the Great
  • St. Petersburg
]]> 2018-10-24 01:41:44 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296252644 Spain 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296252678 - Colonized in Mesoamerica/Central America/Mexico/South America
- Took over Aztecs and Incas]]> 2018-10-24 01:41:54 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296252678 Portugal 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296252693 - Colonized in Brazil/South America
- Sugar production]]> 2018-10-24 01:42:01 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296252693 France 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296252764 - Colonized in Canada/North America
- Fur trade]]> 2018-10-24 01:42:23 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296252764 Europe 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296253023 Advantages: 
- Closer to Americas
- Mastered trade winds
- Europe needed new land/resources
- Wanted to spread Christianity
-Advanced technology
- Immunity to disease]]> 2018-10-24 01:43:50 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296253023 British Expansion 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296253471 - Colonized in North America
  • 13 colonies
- Led to the Columbian Exchange

]]> 2018-10-24 01:45:56 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296253471 Columbian Exchange 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296253576 - Biologically similar/monoculture (world becomes interconnect/morphed into one through people, plants, and animals)]]> 2018-10-24 01:46:21 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296253576 People 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296253657 Old World:
- New plants from the New World caused a population boom in Eurasia
New World:
- Disease causes population decline
  • 90% of natives died
- People from the Old World (big population) move to the New World (small population) for land and space
  • People from New World need labor for new crops
    • Tobacco, sugar, cotton
    • Natives are dead
  • Need for labor workers, so the African slave trade began
]]> 2018-10-24 01:46:44 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296253657 Animals 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296253694 - Spread of animals from continent to continent
- European animals changed American lifestyle
   - Food
  • Pigs (bread very well, easily, and quickly)
    • 13 pigs --> 3 years --> 700 pigs
    • Great source of food
    • Eat anything/live anywhere
   - Transportation
  • Old World to New World:
            -Horses
            -Oxen
  • Natives abandoned agriculture in favor and nomadic herding
    • More $ in herding

]]> 2018-10-24 01:46:58 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296253694 Plants 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296253730 - New world plants were better and brought back to the Old World
  • High calories
  • Helps people stay alive longer (which leads to more babies)
    • Potatoes
    • Corn
    • Beans
  • World's population doubles from 1650-1850
- Everything is becoming more connected which makes things biologically similar
  • Instead of 325 types of tomatoes, now there are about 20

]]> 2018-10-24 01:47:06 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296253730 Disease 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296253759 Old World to New World:
- Smallpox
 - Killed off 90% of natives (did not have immunity)
  • Europeans were constantly in contact with other groups of people while Natives barely had contact with any other groups of people
  • Kings killed that led to internal war/turmoil (made it easy for the Europeans to take over)
New World to Old World
- Syphilis: STD that causes infertility and discomfort
]]> 2018-10-24 01:47:13 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296253759 Slave Trade 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296253866 -Slaves imported from Africa/Atlantic  
-80% of slaves went to  Brazil (Portuguese)/Caribbeans (Spain) due to Sugar
-Sugar production was very labor intensive]]> 2018-10-24 01:47:48 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296253866 Racial Blending 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296253993 South America/Brazil/ Mexico (Spanish):
- Lots of racial blending
- 9 Spanish men: 1 Spanish woman
  • Spanish men then married/reproduced with minority groups
    • Led to less racial divide
- Encomienda: Spanish rule requiring natives to work for Spanish settlers in return for "protection" and the Christian faith
  • Forced labor for silver/gold

North America (British): 
- Less racial blending
- 1 British man: 1 British woman
  • British men or women did not have to marry other races
    • Led to extreme racial division
]]> 2018-10-24 01:48:31 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296253993 Social Hierarchies 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296254082 South America/Mexico (Spanish):
1. Peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain)
2. Creole (Spaniards born in America)
3. Mestizo (Mixed race)
  • Further divided into Castas
  • Largest population in Mexico 
4. Indian (Native, indigenous people)

North America (British):
1. English people (white)
2. Others (African/black, native, etc.)
]]> 2018-10-24 01:48:52 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296254082 Slavery 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296254151 Latin America/Brazil:
- Very harsh (sugar)
- Slaves were still imported up into the 19th century
- African/non-African ancestry was considered mixed race
North America:
- Less harsh
- Slaves were able to have children/families (1750)
- Most were born in the Americas by the Civil War
- Any trace of African heritage made a person black (inferior) ]]> 2018-10-24 01:49:16 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296254151 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296260469 Slaves:
- Worked in horrible conditions
- High death rate (5-10% yearly)
- Very hot
  • Weather and cauldrons
- Disease was common
- Women did domestic work and the planting/harvesting of sugar
- Most slaves were of African descent
]]> 2018-10-24 02:23:53 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296260469 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296267444 2018-10-24 02:56:53 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296267444 Ch. 14 Economic Transformations: Commerce and Consequence (1450-1750) 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296267945 2018-10-24 02:59:31 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296267945 Trade in the East: 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296268175 2018-10-24 03:00:54 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296268175 Portugal 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296268240 - Trade in the Indian Ocean
- Trading Post Empire (commerce controlled by force)
- Controlled 1/2 of Spice Trade
  • Cartaz (pass to trade)
- Sold Asian goods/shipping services (European goods were not wanted)
- In decline by 1600
]]> 2018-10-24 03:01:12 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296268240 Spain 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296268249 - Conquered the Philippines
  1. Close to India/Spice Trade
  2. Philippines were small/weak
  3. Lack of competing powers/interest
- Christianity!
- Rough relations with the Chinese
  • Forced religion
    • Massacred many of them
]]> 2018-10-24 03:01:15 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296268249 East India Comany 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296268316 - Dutch and English traded in parallel areas (so not to conflict/contact the other)]]> 2018-10-24 03:01:34 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296268316 Netherland 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296268337 - Trade in the Spice islands/Indonesia
- Mercantilism]]> 2018-10-24 03:01:40 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296268337 England 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296268402 - Trading Post Empire
- 3 major trading posts
  • Bombay, Calcutta, Madras
  • Mughal permission
    • Indian cotton textiles
]]> 2018-10-24 03:01:57 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296268402 Asian Commerce 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296269968 - Europe was insignificant; Asian dominance
- Japan
  • Europe came over with Christianity and were eventually forced out
  • Shogun, Daimyo
  • Indian family firms (control products)
    • Vijri Vora (pepper, coral)
]]> 2018-10-24 03:10:05 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296269968 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296270825 Merchantilism: limited amount of wealth and need to control/get all the wealth
- Empires take over countries and force them to buy and sell only to them ]]> 2018-10-24 03:15:59 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296270825 Silver 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296271514 - Spain controls 80%
  • Potosi (silver mine in Bolivia)
    • Natives as slaves
      • Cheaper (due to high death rate)
      • Used to environment/altitude
- China ends up controlling most of the silver
  • Everyone wants Chinese products
    • Bought with silver (rich)
-Both empires affected by inflation
]]> 2018-10-24 03:20:18 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296271514 Africa 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296271883 - Population increase because of American crops (potato)
- Population decrease because of the Atlantic Slave Trade
  • Women: reproductive
  • Men: physical labor
- More women begin to take charge (because more men were being taken)
- 90% of slaves went to the Caribbeans/Brazil (sugar colonies)
]]> 2018-10-24 03:22:52 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296271883 African Diaspora: 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296272293 - 16 million out of Africa
- 14 million traveled over the Atlantic
- 4 million died on the march to the coast]]> 2018-10-24 03:24:49 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296272293 Fur Trade 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296272596 - French, British, Dutch, Russian
  • Native people help
    • Europeans/Natives trade fur for technology (guns, pots/pans, alcohol)
    • Natives know the region
    • Natives have to help Russia
      • Fur tax (punishment if not completed)
]]> 2018-10-24 03:26:38 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296272596 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296273269 2018-10-24 03:30:50 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296273269 Triangular Trade 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296273333 - Europe, America, Africa]]> 2018-10-24 03:31:17 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296273333 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296273844 2018-10-24 03:34:26 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296273844 Ch. 15 Cultural Transformations (1450-1750) 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296401315 2018-10-24 12:45:53 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296401315 Protestant Reformation 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296406049 2018-10-24 12:55:23 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296406049 Catholic Church 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296406943 - Power of/over all of Europe's Kings
  • Everyone was Catholic thus far
- Owned 1/3 of Europe's land
  • Social and political power
]]> 2018-10-24 12:57:02 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296406943 Martin Luther 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296407054 - Started the Reformation
- 95 Theses
  • Questioned teachings/practices of the Catholic Church
    • No indulgences, sacraments, rituals, Pope/priests
- Bible should be interpreted according to one's conscience
  • No need for the Pope/priests/clergy
- Faith Alone (Sola Fide)
- Ideas spread due to the recent invention of the printing press
]]> 2018-10-24 12:57:16 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296407054 Great Schism 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296407178 - Split between the Catholic and Protestant faiths
- Led to further splitting in the Protestant Church
  • Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican, Quaker, Anabaptist
]]> 2018-10-24 12:57:30 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296407178 Division of Europe 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296407239 Huguenots: Protestant minority in France
  • Catholics fought and killed many Huguenots
30 Years' War: Catholic-Protestant struggle
  • Began in the Holy Roman Empire and spread to Europe
]]> 2018-10-24 12:57:37 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296407239 Counter Reformation 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296408342 - Catholics reanalyzing their beliefs, practices, and doctrine
  • Fix problems that causes the original Protestant Reformation
  • Focused on individual spirituality and person piety
Jesuits: religious group dedicated to the renewal of the Catholic Church
  • Aim was to improve the image of Catholics
  • Educated group that spread Catholicism elsewhere
  • Formed due to the Counter-Reformation
]]> 2018-10-24 12:59:47 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296408342 Scientific Revolution 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296568181 - A vast intellectual and cultural transformation that took place between the mid-sixteenth and early eighteenth centuries 
  • Knowledge gained through observations, experiments, and the formation of general laws
    • Expressed mathematically 
    • Changed the understanding of the universe
  • Formed by scientific thinkers
    • Copernicus, Galileo, Descartes, Newton, etc.
    • Information from Islamic scholars
  • Became an universal worldview
    • Altered ideas about the place of humans in the universe
    • Challenged the power of the Church
      • Thinkers were still religious 
- Changed the understanding of how the physical world worked (with science)
- Occurred in Europe
  • Developed legal system that was separate from the Catholic Church
  • Universities separate from the Church
  • Piled heavily on the previous teaching of the Islamic world
  • Ottoman Empire (trade)
]]> 2018-10-24 17:01:09 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296568181 Scientific Thinkers 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296731916 2018-10-25 00:56:45 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296731916 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296731999 William Harvey: 
  • Blood/circulation
]]> 2018-10-25 00:57:11 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296731999 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296732123 Adam Smith: 
  • Individual drives the economy
  • Capitalism
  • Supply and demand
]]> 2018-10-25 00:57:53 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296732123 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296732294 Nicolaus Copernicus: 
  • Heliocentric model: Sun was at the center of the universe
  • Rivaled/questioned religion, the Church, and God
    • Challenged the belief that people of God are not the center of the world
]]> 2018-10-25 00:58:55 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296732294 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296732412 Andreas Vesalius:
  • Anatomy and dissections
  • Controversial because it went against the Church's teaching of that the body is sacred and you shouldn’t dissect people
]]> 2018-10-25 00:59:33 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296732412 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296732536 Francis Bacon:
  • Changed the approach of scientific experimentation
    • Only change one variable
  • Developed the modern scientific method
  • "Bacon makes science sizzle"
]]> 2018-10-25 01:00:11 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296732536 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296732626 Isaac Newton:
  • Physics
    • Physics; calculus; mechanics/motion
  • Inertia, gravitational pull
  • Shifted peoples view of the world to more of a scientific view

]]> 2018-10-25 01:00:39 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296732626 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296732890 John Locke:
  • A contract/argument between the ruler and the ruled and power is not given to you by supernatural forces
    • Goes against the" divine right of kings"
    • If Kings violated/abused their power, they could be forced out of their position
  • Influenced the US Constitution
    • Freedom of speech and religion
  • Controversial against religion and rulers
    • Power is not given to you by God
]]> 2018-10-25 01:01:55 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296732890 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296733235 Immanuel Kant
  • Philosopher that believed in the ideas of critical thinking and knowledge
    • Valued intelligence and asking questions
  • Controversial because he is promoting questioning (that could question the Church)
]]> 2018-10-25 01:03:40 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296733235 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296733985 Rene Descartes
  • Analytical geometry/mathematics and philosophy 
    • Connected algebra and geometry
  • Philosophical views really contradicted the Church
    • Questioned and had to prove everything
]]> 2018-10-25 01:06:51 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296733985 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296734249 Johannes Kepler
  • Three laws of planetary motion
    • Planets orbit the sun in elliptical orbits
    • Led to Newton's gravitational laws
  • German astronomer
]]> 2018-10-25 01:07:57 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296734249 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296734548 Galileo Galilei
  • Math/physics; inventor
  • Improved the telescope
  • Believed in the Heliocentric model: sun in the center
]]> 2018-10-25 01:09:22 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296734548 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296734737 Three Laws of Planetary Motion]]> 2018-10-25 01:10:10 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296734737 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296735230 Supply and Demand]]> 2018-10-25 01:12:23 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296735230 The Enlightenment 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296737611 - Power of knowledge to transform human society 
  • Fought against established religion
  • Theme: progress (humans were not confined by tradition/divine command
- Scientific way of thinking was being applied to humans in addition to the physical world
- Spreading/making people more aware of Christianity and science
  • Rebirth of ideas, ways of thinking
  • Ideas logic/reasoning to gain knowledge
  • More philosophical ideas that lead to political changes
    • Rather than science 
  • Locke, Kant, Smith
  • Conversations still the Elite class
]]> 2018-10-25 01:22:03 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296737611 The Renaissance 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296741567
  • - Cultural rebirth Individualism, human thought, art (based off of those things)
  • “Humanists”: Belief of human capability without supernatural forces
    • - Occurred in Italy
    • Money (through trade with Ottoman Empire)
      • Needed money to create art and advance knowledge (scholars to read old texts)
    - Rediscovering of (Islamic information)
    - Only felt by a small percentage of Europe 
    • Elite/scholars
    - Important because the effects of today 
    • Not because it was so influential back then 
    ]]>     2018-10-25 01:38:31 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296741567     21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296742560 2018-10-25 01:43:20 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296742560 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296743023 2018-10-25 01:45:42 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/296743023 Ch. 16 Atlantic Revolutions: Global Echoes (1750-1914) 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/303746875 2018-11-13 14:35:05 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/303746875 American (1775 – 1783) 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/303750523 - People
    • George Washington
    • Thomas Jefferson
    • John Adams
    -Taxation
    • Had no say in Parliament
    - Boston Massacre
    - Boston Tea Party
    - Declaration of Independence
    - 25 Battles
    • Major: Lexington/Concord; Bunker Hill; Yorktown
    -Treaty of Paris 
    • Resolved many debts (from taxes)
    - Also called Revolutionary War
    Phases?
    ]]>     2018-11-13 14:40:26 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/303750523     Revolutions (put in chronological order) 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/303750580 2018-11-13 14:40:32 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/303750580 Feminist (1848-) 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/303755731 -  Women feel discriminated against their gender
    - 4 Waves
    1. Equality in Political power
      • Voting rights
    2. Equality in Civil rights
      • Fought to be understood
      • No racism
    3. Gender equality
      • No more patriarchy
    4. Current issues
      • #metoo
      • Pink Tax
    -People
    Elizabeth Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Lucy Stone
    - Began in the 13 colonies and spread worldwide
    Only phases 1 and 2 have occured yet (still in process)
    ]]>     2018-11-13 14:46:50 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/303755731     Russian (1917) 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/303763836 - WWI
    • Cause of revolution
    • Tsar Nicholas II sent men and resources away
      • Government is not helping the people
    • Peace, Land, Bread
    - February Revolution 
    • Strike turned into a riot
    • Tsar forced out of the government
    • Provisional Government takes place
      • Bolshevik party forms
    - October Revolution
    • Bloodless takeover of the government
    • Led by Lenin with the Bolsheviks
      • Believes in communism (Marxism)
    -Results:
    • Russia becomes the first communist country
    • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
    • Russian Civil War
      • Over communism
    All 4 phases
    ]]>     2018-11-13 14:54:42 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/303763836     Communist Chinese (1920-1950) 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/304117759 - Civil war between Communists and Nationalists
    • Mao Zedong (communist leader)
    • Chiang Kai Shek (Nationalist leader)
    - Cause: Fall of Alliance between the Communists/Nationalists
    - Long March (escape of the communists across China)
    -  Communists end up winning the civil war and China become communist (People's Republic of China)
    • Industrial growth
    • Unfair government rule
    • US suspended diplomatic ties
      • Limited trade contact and no cultural exchange
    All 4 phases
    ]]>     2018-11-14 03:21:02 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/304117759     French (1789-1799) 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/304117874 - Political and social change 
    - Political, social, economic, and intellectual causes
    • Monarchy, Taxes
      • poverty, inflation, government debt, harvest
    - General Assembly (1786)
    - Led by King Louis
    - Occurred because France's debt from American Revolution
    - 3rd Estate got mad and made new rules 
    - France's monarchy, feudalism, and Catholic Church's power ended
    - France gained liberty and freedom
    • Napoleon created a new constitution 
    All 4 phases
    ]]>     2018-11-14 03:21:50 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/304117874     Haitian (1791-1804) 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/304118000 - Only successful slave revolt in history
    - France vs. Britain + Haiti + Spain
    - Toussaint L'Ouverture: Haitian military commander; former slave
    - Causes: 
    • Slave labor
    • Inspired by French Revolution
    • Freedom from France
    • Wanted to abolish slavery
    - Outcomes:
    • Slavery is abolished
    • Haiti becomes its own country
    • Weakened economy 
    All 4 phases
    ]]>     2018-11-14 03:22:35 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/304118000     Latin America (1807-1826?) 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/304119148 - Causes: 
    • No respect for creoles ("lower class")
    • No free trade
    • Spain became weak (loss of military power)
    • Revolution forced upon them
    - Outcomes: 
    • Independence
      • Everywhere by 1826
    - People:
    • Simon Bolivar (native that led the revolution)
    • Charles IV (weak ruler of Spain)
    • Napoleon (French leader that invaded Spain)
    Stages?
    ]]>     2018-11-14 03:28:58 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/304119148     Taiping and Boxer Rebellions 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/304119172 Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864)
    - Eastern China
    - People:
    • Hong Xiuquan (converted Christian leader) 
      • Enforced primitive communism 
      • Believed in the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace
    - Primitive communism
    - Outcomes:
    • Civil War
    • Weakened Qing dynasty
    • Weakened economy
    Boxer Rebellion (1900-1911)
    - Inspired by the 8 Trigrams society to rebel against Japan (who controlled trade)
    - Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists (secret organization of risers)
    - Boxers blamed foreigners and killed them
    - People:
    • Zhang Zhidong and Liu Kunyi (worked together to disobey the declare of war)
    - Boxer Protocol
    • Ended the Boxer rebellion (got rid of weapons/pay $330 mil)
    - Outcomes: 
    • Qing dynasty weakened and China turned into a republic
    • Many deaths
    Not all 4 stages (rebellions)
    ]]>     2018-11-14 03:29:09 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/304119172     Tanzimat Ottoman (1839-1876) 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/304119220 - Liberal reforms that tried to preserve the Ottoman Empire
    • Religious equality
    • Related to English Enlightenment
    • "Sick man of Europe"
    - Ottoman Empire was in decline/debt
    -  Political change (modernization) influence to be like Europe
    • Young Ottomans (new class of people pushing for a political change with a created constitution) 
    • Young Turks (later group of elites with ideas to push secularism) 
    - Outcome:
    • Government, trade, military
      • Secularized society (separation of church and state)
      • Tax standardization and continued military
      • Increase in trade and agriculture
    • Collasped after WWI
      • Nationalism
      • Modern-day Turkey
    - Tanzimat = reorganization
    All 4 stages (with delayed stage 4)
    ]]>     2018-11-14 03:29:27 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/304119220     Tokugawa-Meiji 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/304119273 Tokugawa Period (1602-1868)
    - Causes: 
    • Feudal lords
    • Weak economy
    • Weak military
    - Outcomes: 
    • End of feudal lord's fighting
    • Shogunate came to power
    • Ban on foreign trade and Christianity
    • Stabilized economy
    Meiji Restoration (1868-1912)
    - Causes:
    • Corruption
    • Social inequalities
      • Class system:
        • Shogunate; Daimyo; Samurai; Farmers; Merchants
    • Western countries' interference
    - Coup d'etat in Kyoto
    • Placed Emperor Meiji in Shogunate's place
    - Charter Oath and Constitution (1881)
    • Gift from emperor that led to worshipping the emperor
    - Outcome:
    • Rapid modernization and westernization
    • Abolishment of class system
    • Establishment of national army, education system, and postal service
    • Creation of national currency and banks
    • Industrialization
    - People
    • Jeyasu Tokugawa
    • Emperor Meiji
    All 4 stages
    ]]>     2018-11-14 03:29:51 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/304119273     21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/304411690 2018-11-14 17:02:21 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/304411690 Stages of a Revolution 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/304643484 2018-11-15 04:35:39 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/304643484 Ch. 17 Revolutions of Industrialization (1750-1900) 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/311896823 2018-12-06 16:34:31 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/311896823 First Industrial Revolution (1750-1850) 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312086637 - Coal (steam) and iron 
    - Textiles
    - Britain  
    • Far ahead of everyone else 
    • "Cradle of the Industrial Revolution"
    ]]>     2018-12-07 01:04:23 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312086637     Second Industrial Revolution (1850-1900) 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312087042 - Advancing/elaborating on earlier technology 
    - Steel
    • Stronger and cheaper than iron
    - Electricity
    - Germany, Belgium, America,
    • Mindset of thinking in a new way that ends up surpassing Britain
      • Britain becomes complacent
    ]]>     2018-12-07 01:06:56 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312087042     Marxist Reality 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312094928 2018-12-07 02:03:29 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312094928 Marxist Theory 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312094956 2018-12-07 02:03:43 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312094956 Political Spectrum 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312095356 2018-12-07 02:06:39 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312095356 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312096579 2018-12-07 02:15:04 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312096579 Reasons Marxist View Failed 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312096776
  • Standard of living in Europe rose
  • Rising middle class (30% of population)
  • Sanitization Reform
  • Abolishing child labor
    • - People were not angry enough to revolt and overthrow the government
    ]]>     2018-12-07 02:16:26 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312096776     Standard of Living 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312097208 - Measure of the quality of life/level/material prosperity enjoyed by people
    - Economics
    • Used to determine relative prosperity of the country
    • Compared to standard of living in other countries
    - Based on specific demographic group/region
    - Influenced by 
    • Income
    • General health
    • Life expectancy
    • Housing
    • Crime levels
    • Health care/education/social services
    • Political/social freedom
    ]]>     2018-12-07 02:19:34 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312097208     Ch. 18 Colonial Encounters in Asia and Africa (1850-1915) 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312097809 2018-12-07 02:24:13 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312097809 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312099023 Imperialism: the takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the economic, political, and social life of the people of that nation]]> 2018-12-07 02:32:25 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312099023 Forms of Imperialist Rule 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312099848 2018-12-07 02:37:45 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312099848 Colony 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312099896 - A country or region governed internally by a foreign power]]> 2018-12-07 02:38:04 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312099896 Protectorate 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312099929 - A country with its own internal government under the control of an outside power]]> 2018-12-07 02:38:15 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312099929 Sphere of Influence 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312099968 - Area in which an outside power claims exclusive trade privileges over another nation]]> 2018-12-07 02:38:30 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312099968 Economic Imperialism 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312100033 - Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other government]]> 2018-12-07 02:38:54 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312100033 Causes of Imperialism 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312100686 2018-12-07 02:42:47 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312100686 Nationalism 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312100723 - National pride led many nations to strive for a world empire
    • National pride is not a bad thing, but it is once you start to build an empire and take it to the extreme
    - Europeans felt they were superior to Africans/Asians
    - "The Sun never sets on the British Empire"
    • Somewhere in their (large) empire there was light
    • They will never go away and will always be the best (like  the sun)
    ]]>     2018-12-07 02:43:01 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312100723     Social Darwinism 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312101212 - Darwin's theory of natural selection and survival of the fittest were used by many in support of imperialism
    - Many believe that it was natural/right for stronger nations to conquer weaker ones
    - People used this theory to justify their actions
    • "Supposed to get rid weaker people"
    • "Process would help better the human race"

    ]]>     2018-12-07 02:46:17 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312101212     Militarism 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312101650 - Military power was used to achieve nation's goals
    - A nation with more colonies had more power, security,, trade, money, and colonial men for their army
    • Take over a country = take over their military (larger military)
    - Leads to one of the worst wars in history (WWI --starts between Britain and Germany)
    ]]>     2018-12-07 02:49:18 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312101650     Religion 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312102020 - Christian missionaries wanted to help African and Asians
    - Worked to carry the "White Man's Burden"
    • White men had the responsibility to "fix" the natives
    - "Civilize" the natives
    • Christianizing the natives
    • Bring the natives technological benefits of Western civilization
    • Teaching Africans to read and write
    ]]>     2018-12-07 02:51:35 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312102020     Industrialization 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312102568 - Industrial nations needed more raw materials to supply factories
    • Cotton: Britain from India
    • Rubber: Belgium for Congo
    - Searching for new markets to sell their goods
    - Looking for new places or enterprises to invest their profits
    ]]>     2018-12-07 02:54:37 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312102568     Britain on Top 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312102815 - Mid 1800s: Britain was the most powerful nation in the world
    • Factories produced more goods
    • Navy guarded the oceans so goods could be shipped safely
    • British banks loaned money needed to build factories, mine, and railroads
    • Germany/US challenged economic leadership by late 1800s
    • When in decline, looked to colonies for markets/resources
    ]]>     2018-12-07 02:56:31 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312102815     Empires Competing 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312102930 - Other countries followed Britain's lead and came to see colonies as necessary for their economic well-being
    • French/Dutch expanded
    • 1900: empire 2nd in size to Britain
    • Spain/Portugal: New empires in Africa
    • Austria-Hungary: Balkans
    • Russia: expanded East to Caucasus, Central Asia, and Siberia
    • Countries with no colonies set out to get them
    • Belgium, Italy, Germany: Africa
    • Germany: biggest push to colonize Africa

    ]]>     2018-12-07 02:57:14 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312102930     Berlin Conference (1884-1885) 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312103262 - Scramble for Africa
    - European nations met to lay down rules for the division of Africa
    • Any European nation could claim land in African by telling/showing the others they could control the land
    • Europeans paid no attention to the ethnic and linguistic division in African when dividing the land
    • No African leader attended this meeting


    ]]>     2018-12-07 02:59:30 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312103262     Capitalism vs. Socialism 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312103531 2018-12-07 03:01:40 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312103531 Capitalism 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312103553 - Based off of the market
    • People who are buying or selling things-
    - Private
    - Government does not control businesses
    • Business are free to grow
    • Can lead to monopolies
    - Freedom for individual
    • Can choose what you buy
    - There is competition 
    • Better or cheaper products
    Supply and demand
    ]]>     2018-12-07 03:01:52 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312103553     Socialism 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312103693 - Focused on the group
    • What benefits the group as a whole
    - Less monopolies 
    • Less chance of exploitation 
      • One business cannot control the product and raise prices
    - Less competition
    • No incentive/desire to improve because there will be no reward
    - Equal opportunity for small and large corporations
    - Economy is consistent
    • Never really good or never really bad
    ]]>     2018-12-07 03:03:11 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312103693     Capitalism vs. Socialism Economies 21mcarte https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312104060 2018-12-07 03:06:22 UTC https://padlet.com/21mcarte/jll7o2uq6ylq/wish/312104060