https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h The International Sentiment Towards and Influence of the Creation of the State of Israel en-us 2022-05-22 18:50:38 UTC 2026-03-13 16:54:41 UTC hello@padlet.com ethanfeder https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2194777638 At the beginning of February 1840 in the Ottoman controlled Damascus, Father Thomas, a Christian monk, and his Muslim servant Ibraham Amrah disappeared. While it was likely that they had been murdered by tradesmen that the Father had fought with, Christians accused the Jews of having killed them for their blood to make matzot. The Blood Libel quickly spread and the French Consul whose responsibility was to investigate the incident sided against the Jews. First, Solomon Negrin, a barber, was tortured and confessed to having murdered them, along with 7 named accomplices who faced similar treatment. The consul concluded that these statements, along with bones found in the sewers of the Jewish Quarter were sufficient evidence of the Jews guilt. In response, 63 Jewish children were taken captive by authorities to coax the parents into confessing the location of the blood and much violence by Christians and Muslims against Jews arose. The event shocked Jews around the world, particularly in the West, and brought to light the prominence of anti-Semitism amongst both Muslims and Christians. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_affair
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-damascus-blood-libel
https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/damascus-affair-1840]]> 2022-05-22 20:22:27 UTC https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2194777638 ethanfeder https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2194810021 During the late 1800s and early 1900s in German territories, Jews had begun to make progress in the movement for emancipation, primarily due to Napoleonic edicts that provided Jews with equal rights and aimed to integrate them into society. In response to the cause and the Jewish plea to the Congress of Vienna for emancipation, the German press, along with politicians and academics, depicted Jews as attempting to take control of the economy. As Jewish rights and activism continued to expand, pogroms broke out throughout Bavarian and German towns and cities in which mobs attacked Jews and destroyed property. Police forces only sometimes prevented the onslaught and Christian citizens rarely took action, resulting in many Jews fleeing their homes to escape the destruction. Many Jews grew more secular and assimilated but there was little outcry or reaction against attacks amongst the Jews, possibly due to trust in the system or law and a lack of focus on the anti-semetic riots amongst upper class Jewry. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hep-Hep_riots
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/hep-hep-riots
https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jewish-history-and-culture/hep-hep-riots-COM_0309]]> 2022-05-22 21:25:02 UTC https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2194810021 ethanfeder https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2194848559 Emma Lazarus was an American 19th century poet and Jewish activist, most famous for having authored the inscription on the Statue of Liberty. A wealthy Sephardic Jew from New York, she was privately tutored in literature, poetry and languages. Upon learning of the Russian Pogroms and the living conditions endured in Russia, she wrote poetry advocating for Jews and criticizing what was transpiring. She strived to help Jewish immigrants, founding the Hebrew Technical Institute which offered immigrants education in trades and the Society for the Improvement and Colonization of East European Jews. In addition, she supported the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine prior to the invention of Zionism.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Lazarus
https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/emma-lazarus
https://jwa.org/womenofvalor/lazarus]]> 2022-05-22 22:45:08 UTC https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2194848559 ethanfeder https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2194972969 Alfred Dreyfus was Jewish, French army caption that was tried and convicted of providing secret official documents to Germany in a closed trial and faced life imprisonment. At first the French people were in favor of the prosecution and viewed Dreyfus as a paradigm of the disloyal French Jew but new evidence came to light that the true culprit was Major Ferdinand Esterhazy. Despite the revelation, Esterhazy was acquitted of treason and the French population began to divide over whether Dreyfus was guilty or innocent. In 1898, a major document in incriminating Dreyfus was determined to be forged by Major Hubert-Joseph Henry, but when tried again 1899, Dreyfus was found guilty once more. To resolve the issue, the president pardoned Dreyfus but the army which had attempted to suppress the case only declared his innocence by 1995. The affair demonstrated the deep abiding anti-Semitism in France that caused the miscarriage of justice to transpire, as well as its perpetuation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreyfus_affair
https://www.britannica.com/event/Dreyfus-affair
https://guides.loc.gov/chronicling-america-dreyfus-affair ]]> 2022-05-23 01:18:03 UTC https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2194972969 ethanfeder https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2195099353 The Correspondence consisted of ten letters sent between the Shariff of Mecca, Hussein Bin Ali, and Lieutenant Colonel Sir Henry McMahon, the British High Commissioner to Egypt. Although unofficial, the letters discussed how to determine independence of Arab lands, for example excluding territories in the French Sphere of Influence from independence. Unresolved disagreements were present in the letters as well, such as limitations in Britain's rule over Baghdad and Basa. The letters intentionally omitted Palestine, allowing for Britain to control the area and disallow Arab independence in the region. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMahon%E2%80%93Hussein_Correspondence
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Husayn-McMahon-correspondence
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-hussein-mcmahon-correspondence]]> 2022-05-23 02:53:40 UTC https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2195099353 ethanfeder https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2195823218 The San Remo Conference was an international meeting in Italy between the Prime Ministers of Britain, Italy and France, and Ambassadors of Belgium, Japan and Greece following the conclusion of World War I. The assembly officiated a peace treaty with Turkey and an Anglo-French oil agreement, as well as establishing mandates for Palestine, Syria and Mesopotamia. Syria and Mesopotamia were recognized as independent states, and Palestine was deemed a homeland for all Jews but ensured equal rights for all peoples living there. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Remo_conference
https://www.britannica.com/event/Conference-of-San-Remo
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-san-remo-conference]]> 2022-05-23 12:55:18 UTC https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2195823218 ethanfeder https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2195864822 The Peel Commission was a group of people, headed by Lord Peel, assigned to investigate the root cause of Palestinian unrest between Jews and Arabs in 1936, which had further intensified following the 1920 mandate. Published in 1937, the Commission's report concluded that the coexistence of Arabs and Jews in Palestine was unfeasible. It argued the San-Remo conference could not have known Jewish immigration would be so great, although the report admitted the influx of the Jewish population did not harm Arabs economically, and that both sides harbored intense nationalism. It advised that the land should be partitioned into a Jewish region, an Arab region and a British supervised territory that contained sites and cities of religious significance to both religions. Britain accepted the proposal but it was promptly rejected by Arabs and Jews were divided in their support or disapproval. 
https://www.britannica.com/event/Peel-Commission
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peel_Commission
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-peel-commission]]> 2022-05-23 13:21:58 UTC https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2195864822 ethanfeder https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2196073818 Born to an affluent family, Winston Churchill was a British writer, statesman and, most famously, Prime Minister during and after World War II. An ardent supporter of Zionism, having visited Mandatory Palestine during his service as Secretary of State for the Colonies. He strongly rejected the notion of banning or limiting Jewish immigration to Palestine and opposed anti-Jewish Arab Palestinian appeals and government proposals such as the Aliens Bill, accusing them of being of racist intent. He advocated for Jews to retain their faith, culture and values while also integrating into society as British citizens. He published the 1922 White Paper in which he stated the Jews existence in Palestine was" of right, and not on sufferance.”
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill
https://winstonchurchill.org/publications/finest-hour/finest-hour-135/myth-and-reality-what-did-churchill-really-think-about-the-jews/
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Winston-Churchill]]> 2022-05-23 15:23:39 UTC https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2196073818 ethanfeder https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2196237672 The Partition of Palestine Plan was a resolution in the United Nations which aimed to divide Mandate Palestine into a Jewish and Arab state with the center and Jerusalem under a Special International Regime. It ended the Mandate and made British forces withdraw from the region. It ensured equal rights for all citizens in the newly created states and an economic union between them. The plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine but, once more, the Arab governments repudiated the proposition. The United Nations Committee adopted the plan with 33 in favor, 13 against and 10 abstaining, a decision that Zionist lobbying and bribing may have influenced. The passing of the resolution demonstrated the recognition of the failure of the Mandate of Palestine and the international desire for a Jewish homeland to be established.  
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine#:~:text=The%20United%20Nations%20Partition%20Plan,as%20Resolution%20181%20(II).
https://www.britannica.com/topic/United-Nations-Resolution-181
https://www.un.org/unispal/history/]]> 2022-05-23 17:11:24 UTC https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2196237672 ethanfeder https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2196297043 Prior to the signing of the arrangement, important Jewish and Israeli leaders, such as David Ben-Gurion, advocated for the payment of reparations to Jews to compensate for the loss of property and life during the holocaust. In 1951, the German Chancellor condemned the atrocities committed during the war and stated he sought to financially and morally indemnify the Jews for what transpired. Despite opposition and protests that came from both the right and left, West Germany agreed to pay 3.45 billion marks over the course of the following 14 years. 450 million marks were payed to the World Jewish Congress and the rest of the payments were to the State of Israel which used the money to improve infrastructure and formulate a thriving economy. The reparations greatly helped Israel as it grew from birth, funding major components of Israeli society ranging from it's electrical system to German drilling equipment to developing agriculture and water supply. The Reparations also intitated the positive relationship between Germany and Israel that still exists today. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany#:~:text=Despite%20the%20protests%2C%20the%20agreement,who%20had%20no%20surviving%20family.
https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/west-german-reparations-agreement
https://www.aicgs.org/2019/11/the-september-1952-reparations-agreement-between-west-germany-and-israel-the-beginning-of-a-remarkable-friendship/

]]> 2022-05-23 17:52:27 UTC https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2196297043 ethanfeder https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2196441739 In 1956, the President of Egypt Abdel Nasser nationalized the formerly international Suez Canal, which provided goods and petroleum to much of Europe. France and Britain allied themselves with Israel, which was also hostile towards Egypt, and planned covert military operations to regain control over the waterway. Israeli soldiers invaded Egypt and Britain and France called on Egyptian and Israeli troops to evacuate the canal, as originally intended. In response, the UN formed the United Nations Emergency Force, a military unit, which the Egyptian government allowed to arrive in Egypt while Prime Minister refused to allow the UNEF to station in Israel. The force assisted in the transition of the Suez Canal, facilitated the removal of Israeli, French and British troops and remained along the borders until 1967. The deployment UNEF, the first military group of the UN, along with the presence of Britain and French soldiers, was a major instance of international involvement in Middle Eastern and Israeli military affairs. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Emergency_Force
https://www.britannica.com/event/Suez-Crisis

]]> 2022-05-23 19:52:52 UTC https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2196441739 ethanfeder https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2199920071 A statement stemming from anti-Semitism and Soviet misinformation of the 1960s, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 "determine[d] that Zionism is a form of racism and racial discrimination". The clause was adopted with 72 in favor, 35 in opposition and 32 abstaining from the vote, primarily supported by the Soviet Bloc, Muslim and African countries. The resolution argued that that the Israeli government was a racist regime and apartheid state, imperialist and repressive of human integrity. It referenced other international declarations in which the elimination of objects such as zionism, colonialism and foreign occupation, as well as a condemnation of racial differentiation and superiority. Although the decision was revoked in 1991, it demonstrated the persistently antagonistic international sentiment towards the state of Israel and Zionism, and received opprobrium from countries such as Israel and the United States. 
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_3379
https://thejewishnews.com/2018/11/10/un-resolution-3379-is-passed/]]> 2022-05-25 21:08:47 UTC https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2199920071 ethanfeder https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2201205406 In a controversial decision, President of the United States Donald Trump recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and moved the U.S. embassy from Tel Aviv to the Holy City. While praised by Israeli leaders such as Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu and disapproved by only 5% of Israeli citizens, only 36% of U.S. citizens supported the change and 45% disapproved. The favorability was distinctly divided along party lines, with 79% of republicans approving and 71% of democrats in opposition. All Palestinian groups
united in enmity and Palestinian Authority President Mahmoud Abbas warned Trump of possible perilous consequences to Middle Eastern peace and stability. Internationally, many regional Arab countries, the European Union, Canada and Mexico criticized Trump and 14 out of the 15 members of the United Nations Security Council condemned the decision, including Britain, France, Japan, Italy, and Sweden. The immense backlash in the U.S. and internationally to the change demonstrates the near universal aversion towards the state of Israel and support of Palestinians, in addition to the strength of the U.S.-Israel alliance.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_recognition_of_Jerusalem_as_capital_of_Israel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem
https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/12/06/568748383/how-is-the-world-reacting-to-u-s-plan-to-recognize-jerusalem-as-israeli-capital
https://www.timesofisrael.com/poll-less-than-half-of-americans-support-jerusalem-recognition/]]> 2022-05-26 18:03:58 UTC https://padlet.com/ethanfeder/ji5ol0tew6a3in7h/wish/2201205406