According to the research (Grima, 2002) Afghani people uses different herbs such as:

•   Nigella sativa (Black Seed): Boost the immune system and treat digestive issues.

•   Chamomile: Ease gastrointestinal discomfort (relaxing effects)

•   Saffron: serves as an antioxidant property and enhances mood.

  Grima, B. (2002, November 15). Women, Culture, and Health in Rural Afghanistan | Expedition Magazine. Penn.museum. https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/women-culture-and-health-in-rural-afghanistan/

Migrant and Refugee Women's Health Partnership. (2019). Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds COMPETENCY STANDARDS FRAMEWORK FOR CLINICIANS.

https://culturaldiversityhealth.prg.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf

https://youtu.be/PB5nX6CIBkw?si=TcOaSazyejcX-hNQ

The Consequences of Discrimination for Afghan Refugees

According to the research (Staff, 2021) discrimination against Afghan refugees can lead to a range of negative outcomes, including social isolation, economic difficulties, mental health problems, marginalization, educational hurdles, low self-esteem and intergenerational effects.

The Impact of Social Inclusion on Afghan Refugees

Australia's social inclusion programs support Afghan refugees by fostering linguistic proficiency, cultural awareness, and financial security. These initiatives promote cultural interchange, emotional support, mentorship, identity and ties within the community.

Strategies for Positive Change

According to (Cowan, 2021) to stop discrimination, governments and organizations should create inclusive legislation. They should also promote community organizations and provide empowerment to Afghan refugees. Initiating education and awareness campaigns, language and job training.

Staff, A. (2021, December 13). Afghan refugees face discrimination, employment and social challenges in Australia. ANMJ. https://anmj.org.au/afghan-refugees-face-discrimination-employment-and-social-challenges-in-australia/

Cowan, E. (2021, December 9). why Afghan refugees feel unwelcome in Australia, even after becoming citizens. The Times. https://www.thetimes.com.au/world/12198-why-afghan-refugees-feel-unwelcome-in-australia-even-after-becoming-citizens

Treatment Option

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a psychological intervention that assists patients in treating depression and PTSD because it lessens the psychological and cognitive effects of trauma by integrating psychoeducation and cultural concepts. An exposure therapy and cognitive restructuring can help patients recognize and address negative attitudes.

World Health Organization. (2022, May 2). Refugee and migrant health. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/refugee-and-migrant-health

Tandon, A. (2023, March 28). How an act of generosity in a supermarket left Khalid in disbelief. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-29/afghan-refugees-feel-welcome-in-australia-cost-of-living-ames/102154360

Huh, G. D., Jenny Jiin. (2022, March 29). Afghan refugees, grappling with grief and trauma, face barriers to mental health care. STAT. https://www.statnews.com/2022/03/29/afghan-refugees-mental-health-care-barriers/

    Cupping (Hijama):

• Purpose: Improve blood flow and removing toxins.

• Procedure: Cups are placed on the skin to create suction, drawing blood to the surface

Spiritual and Religious Healing:

 Ruqyah: An Islamic practice involving the recitation of specific Quranic verses and treats various ailments.

Amulets and Charms:

  Use: Objects inscribed with religious texts or symbols are worn or carried to protect against evil spirits or to promote health ex. Evil eye

Nancy Hatch Dupree, & Dupree, L. (2019). Afghanistan - Daily life and social customs. In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan/Daily-life-and-social-customs

Afghan women dress traditionally, which frequently consists of long, flowing gowns with mirror embroidery and matching pants and a head covering. These modest, culturally inspired ensembles, with their elaborate decorations and full body covering provided by the chador or burqa, are a reflection of love and nature.

Men

Afghan males usually dress in loose pants, a long tunic called a perahan tunban, and a turban or cap. Regional variations exist in styles, with Herati Doozi and Kandahari Doozi being two notable examples. There are also long coats and hats made of sheep fur (Chapan)

Reynolds, E. (2024, July 17). Traditional Afghan Clothing: A Symbol of Identity and Culture. Outfiten. https://www.outfiten.com/traditional-clothing-in-afghanistan/