My name is Laura Michelle Jackson, and I’m 43 years old. I wear many hats in life—I'm a devoted wife, a proud mother of five, a loving sister and daughter, and a loyal friend. For over two decades, I’ve served as a nurse, a calling that continues to shape who I am. My faith as a Christian is the foundation of my strength and purpose.

I’m also an American author currently working on my first book, Inner Child—a deeply personal project that has been evolving for most of my adult life. My goal is to complete it by the end of the year.

I find joy in singing and dancing—almost as much as I love curling up with a good book. Learning is one of my greatest passions; it keeps me growing and grounded.

I was born and raised just outside of Atlanta, Georgia. Seven years ago, after experiencing a life-altering trauma, I made the decision to start fresh in Los Angeles. It’s been a transformative journey, and I’ve truly come to love this city I now call home.

Theme 2: First Experience With Race Activity

My earliest memory involving race dates back to when I was about two years old. At the time, my two older sisters and I were living in a foster home. We had been there for several months when, one day during my nap, they suddenly disappeared. When I woke up, they were gone—and for the first time in my life, I was completely alone. I felt scared and confused.

I searched for them day after day, but days turned into weeks, and weeks into months. Every night, I cried for them. Eventually, my seven-year-old roommate, Bridgette, grew tired of my tears. One night, she told me she knew why my sisters had left. She said she would tell me—if I promised to stop crying. I agreed. That’s when she told me, bluntly, that it was because I was white.

Until that moment, I had never truly understood what race meant. My sisters and I shared the same mother, but their father was African American, while mine was Irish. Our mother had returned for my sisters—but not for me. According to Bridgette, the reason was simple: I was white and still a baby. My mother believed that meant someone would be more likely to adopt me, whereas the chances for my sisters were far lower.

Years later, as an adult, I sat down with my mother and sisters to revisit that moment and better understand what had happened—and what she had meant all those years ago.  

Theme 3: Positive Sense of Self Brainstorm

I believe that our identity is like a mosaic made from all the pieces of our life experience. Race and ethnicity are huge pieces of that puzzle. When individuals are supported in exploring and embracing their cultural roots, it often strengthens their sense of self. Conversely, when identity is denied or attacked, self-worth can suffer—unless there are strong affirming forces in place (like community, education, or cultural pride) to counteract that.

Yes, I believe the spirit of Ubuntu is still alive in African American culture today. Ubuntu, meaning "I am because we are," shows up in the strong sense of community, mutual support, and collective responsibility. For example, during the COVID-19 pandemic, many African American communities organized food drives and mutual aid networks to care for one another. You can also see Ubuntu in traditions like the Black church, HBCUs, and movements like #BlackLivesMatter, where success and healing are seen as something shared by the entire community, not just the individual.

Comparison of African and African American Cultures:

African and African American cultures both value community, resilience, spirituality, and storytelling. The concept of Ubuntu — "I am because we are" — is alive in African American traditions like extended family support, church communities, and social justice movements. Both cultures use music, oral history, and respect for elders to pass down knowledge and strengthen community bonds. However, African American culture blends African roots with the unique experiences of slavery, racism, and survival in America, leading to some differences in direct traditions and languages compared to African cultures.

Examples of Parallels:

• Communal child-raising ("it takes a village")

• Music and dance traditions (drumming, gospel, hip-hop)

• Celebrations (like Kwanzaa connecting back to African harvest festivals)

Learning about Ubuntu has helped me realize how deeply connected we all are. It shifts the focus from individual achievement to community care and reminds me that my success and humanity are tied to the success and humanity of others. It encourages a more compassionate, collective view of the world.

THEME 2: 7 Concepts of Afrocentric Psychology

Concept Most Present: Sankofa
Definition:
Sankofa is an African principle meaning "to go back and fetch it." It teaches that we must look to our past — our history, culture, and ancestors — in order to move forward successfully into the future.

Example:
I believe Sankofa is very strong in the African American community today. You can see it in movements to reclaim African heritage, such as the popularity of DNA ancestry tests, the celebration of Kwanzaa, and the increased interest in African history, art, and traditional spirituality. For example, during Black History Month, African Americans honor their past heroes, activists, and inventors as a way to inspire the next generation. Events like Juneteenth celebrations are another clear example of Sankofa in action — remembering the struggles and triumphs of the past to guide present and future freedom efforts.

Concept Least Present: Inclusive Metaphysical Epistemology
Inclusive metaphysical epistemology refers to the idea that knowledge and truth come not only from logic and physical evidence but also from spiritual experience, intuition, community wisdom, and connection to the metaphysical (the unseen world).

Example:
I think this concept is less visible in the African American community today, especially because American society as a whole often emphasizes Western ways of knowing such as science, rationalism, and individual proof. While spirituality is still very important, often the acceptance of spiritual knowledge as equal to scientific knowledge is not as strong. For example, discussions around mental health in the African American community still tend to prioritize clinical models over holistic healing approaches that include ancestral wisdom, intuition, and metaphysical balance. Though it's growing, it’s not yet mainstream.

THEME 3: 7 Principles of Nguzo Saba

Chosen Principle: Umoja
Umoja means "unity" in Swahili. It emphasizes maintaining unity within the family, community, nation, and race. It teaches that we must work together and support each other to build a strong and healthy community.

Why It Resonates With Me:
Umoja resonates with me because I believe that true strength comes from togetherness. In a world that often encourages individualism, especially in Western culture, Umoja reminds us that we are better and stronger when we lift each other up. It speaks to the idea that our success is deeply connected to the success of those around us — that no one truly thrives alone.

How I Have Seen This Value in Action:
I have seen Umoja at work many times within the African American community, especially during times of hardship or crisis. For example, after natural disasters like Hurricane Katrina, African American communities came together to organize support systems when official help was slow. Churches, neighbors, and activists stepped up to house, feed, and care for each other. More recently, during the Black Lives Matter protests, there was a powerful sense of Umoja as people from different backgrounds united to stand against injustice, not just for themselves but for the entire community. That collective energy showed the real spirit of unity in action.

Behavioral Measures:
Under the Behavioral Measures category, I identify with language patterns, food, music, and religious participation. Growing up in the South, African American language patterns and expressions were a natural part of my environment, and many people don’t realize my mixed background until they hear me speak. Music has also played a defining role—gospel, soul, and R&B are part of my cultural expression, as well as Southern church hymns. I grew up eating traditional Black Southern cuisine, like fried chicken, collard greens, and cornbread. My Christian faith has been a consistent foundation throughout my life, providing both community and continuity, especially during difficult times.

Subjective Measures:
Within the Subjective Measures category, I relate to self-identification, value preferences, and real versus aspired self-concept. Despite being perceived as white or sometimes Hispanic by others, I personally identify as a multi-racial woman with a deeply layered ethnic identity. My values—such as perseverance, faith, loyalty, and nurturing—come from both sides of my family and are reinforced by my life experiences as a nurse, mother, and survivor of trauma. I admire women like my mother, who navigated marginalization with strength, and cultural icons like Maya Angelou, who speak to the nuance of identity, especially for women of color.

Situation-Contextual Measures:
In terms of Situation-Contextual Measures, my ethnic self-identity is most shaped by my home and family life, my workplace as a nurse, and my church community. Raising five black children while helping them understand and honor their heritage has deepened my own awareness. In my professional life, I’ve learned to navigate assumptions and biases based on my appearance while staying rooted in empathy and cultural competence. Spiritually, the church has been not only a source of personal healing but a space where my ethnic identity is affirmed and celebrated. These interconnected spheres—home, work, and faith—anchor my sense of self and identity.

My Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure score is 46.

To me, this score means that I have a very high level of awareness, pride, and connection to my ethnic backgrounds. My sense of identity is not something that has developed by accident but through intentional reflection and lived experience.

I think that this means that I have a strong bond with the Black and white communities, because I am of mixed heritage. I identify closely with the Black side of my identity due to my upbringing, community, spiritual life, marriage, and the way I’ve chosen to raise my children. My connection to Black culture is rooted not only in biological heritage but in my values, traditions, and the social experiences that have shaped my understanding of the world.

What surprised me about this analysis is how clearly the questions reflected many of the internal reflections I’ve already had throughout my life. I was also surprised at how affirming it felt to see that pride, clarity, and connection could be quantified in this way. While I have sometimes been misidentified based on my physical appearance, this score validates the inner work and cultural grounding that has always been a part of my self-understanding.

My score after taking the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale is 27.

To me, this score reflects a high level of self-esteem that I have developed over time through intentional healing, self-reflection, and perseverance. While I have faced significant challenges in my life—including being separated from my siblings as a child, navigating a complex racial identity, and overcoming trauma—I have emerged with a strong sense of self-worth and confidence in who I am as a woman, mother, wife, nurse, and child of God.

I believe my score is high because I have done the hard work of reclaiming my voice and identity. As someone who was often misunderstood or misidentified, I had to learn early on that my worth could not be defined by others' assumptions. Professionally, I’ve served my community as a nurse for over 20 years, often acting as an advocate for others, which has affirmed my capability and compassion. Personally, I’ve raised five children with love and intention, maintained a strong marriage, and am in the process of writing my first book—a project that has demanded deep self-examination and honesty.

While I acknowledge that I still have areas of growth, I take pride in the fact that I view myself with love, dignity, and grace. My self-esteem is not about perfection—it’s about knowing my value and walking in it every day.

Stage of Racial Identity Development: Integrative Awareness

I believe I am in the Integrative Awareness stage of racial identity development. This stage is characterized by an individual achieving a sense of inner security and the ability to appreciate both their own racial group and others. It involves recognizing and valuing the diversity within and among racial groups and understanding the sociopolitical influences of racism.

Rationale for Stage Identification:

My journey through racial identity development has been multifaceted. In the Conformity stage, I internalized the dominant culture's values, often downplaying my Black heritage due to societal pressures and the desire to fit in. Transitioning into the Dissonance stage, I began to experience confusion and conflict as I recognized the inconsistencies between the dominant culture's views and my own experiences as a biracial individual.

During the Resistance and Immersion stage, I immersed myself in Black culture, seeking to understand and embrace my heritage more fully. This period was marked by a strong identification with my Black identity and a rejection of the dominant culture's norms. As I moved into the Introspection stage, I began to critically examine my beliefs and attitudes, leading to a more nuanced understanding of my racial identity.

Now, in the Integrative Awareness stage, I have developed a secure sense of self that encompasses all aspects of my identity. I appreciate the richness of my biracial heritage and recognize the value in all cultural backgrounds. This stage allows me to engage with individuals from diverse backgrounds authentically and empathetically.

Evidence of Progression Through Previous Stages:

• Conformity: As a child, I often tried to assimilate into the dominant culture, minimizing aspects of my Black identity to avoid discrimination or exclusion.

• Dissonance: Experiences of racial bias and exclusion led me to question the dominant culture's narratives and seek a deeper understanding of my heritage.

• Resistance and Immersion: I actively sought out Black cultural experiences, literature, and communities to strengthen my connection to my heritage.

• Introspection: I reflected on my experiences and began to reconcile the complexities of my biracial identity, leading to a more integrated sense of self.

One Thing Learned from This Process:

Through this process, I have learned that racial identity development is not linear but a dynamic and ongoing journey. Embracing the complexities of my identity has allowed me to develop a deeper understanding of myself and others, fostering empathy and resilience.

Racial Identity Resource

Resource Title: "Why Are All the Black Kids Sitting Together in the Cafeteria?" by Beverly Daniel Tatum

Resource Type: Scholarly Book

Importance of the Resource:

This book has been instrumental in helping me understand the psychological development of racial identity, particularly in educational settings. Tatum's exploration of how racial identity develops and the impact of systemic racism resonated deeply with my personal experiences. The book provided me with a framework to understand the stages of racial identity development and the importance of affirming one's identity in the face of societal pressures.

Reading this resource has empowered me to embrace my biracial identity fully and to support my children in developing a strong, positive sense of self. It has also informed my approach as a nurse and community member, allowing me to engage more effectively with individuals from diverse backgrounds.

The slide outlines various forms of racism: individual, interpersonal, institutional, and structural.

• Individual Racism: This pertains to personal beliefs and biases. An example is someone harboring prejudiced views against a particular race.

• Interpersonal Racism: This occurs between individuals. Instances include racial slurs or discriminatory behavior in social settings.

• Institutional Racism: This form is embedded in organizations and institutions. For example, disparities in hiring practices where certain racial groups are underrepresented.

• Structural Racism: This encompasses the overarching system of racial bias across institutions and society. An example is the racial wealth gap resulting from historical injustices.

2. Examples from Slide 3 Observed in the World:

Examples include:

• Law Enforcement Disparities: Studies have shown that Black individuals are disproportionately stopped and searched by police.

• Healthcare Inequities: There are documented cases where minority groups receive substandard medical care compared to others.

• Educational Gaps: Schools in predominantly minority neighborhoods often have fewer resources, affecting the quality of education.

3. Do We Live in a Post-Racial Society?

Based on the chapter readings and observable societal patterns, it's evident that we do not live in a post-racial society. While legal segregation has ended, systemic inequalities persist. The continued existence of racial disparities in various sectors indicates that race remains a significant factor in societal dynamics.

4. Personal Definition of Race and Its Nature:

I define race as a categorization based on perceived physical differences, primarily skin color, which societies have historically used to establish hierarchies. Race is a social construct rather than a biological one. Scientific research supports this view, indicating that genetic variation within so-called racial groups is often greater than between them.

5. Resource on Race as a Social or Biological Concept:

I found an insightful article titled "Race Is a Social Construct, Scientists Argue" from Scientific American.

Significance: This article emphasizes that race lacks a biological basis and is instead a social construct. It highlights how societal perceptions have shaped the concept of race, leading to systemic inequalities.

Agreement: I concur with the article's perspective. Understanding race as a social construct is crucial in addressing and dismantling systemic racism.

6. Key Learning from the Unit:

A standout point from the unit was the discussion on the social construction of race. Learning that race has no genetic or biological foundation but is a societal invention was enlightening. This understanding is significant as it shifts the focus from inherent differences to societal structures that perpetuate inequality.

The Black family is distinguished by its resilience, adaptability, and strong kinship bonds, often extending beyond biological ties. During slavery, legal recognition of marriages among enslaved individuals was denied, leading to the formation of extended and fictive kin networks. These networks included "play" relatives—such as play aunts and uncles—who provided emotional and practical support, reinforcing a sense of community and belonging. This tradition has persisted, with terms like "aunt," "uncle," and "cousin" commonly used to denote close family friends, reflecting a broader, more inclusive concept of family

2. Strengths and Challenges of the Black Family

Strengths:

• Resilience and Solidarity: Despite systemic oppression, Black families have demonstrated remarkable resilience. Post-emancipation, many families endeavored to reunite, with freed individuals placing ads in newspapers in search of lost relatives. This determination underscores the deep familial bonds and commitment to unity.

• Extended Family Support: The tradition of extended family support provides a robust safety net. Grandparents, aunts, uncles, and close family friends often play pivotal roles in child-rearing and providing emotional and financial support.

  Challenges:

  • Economic Disparities: Historical and systemic barriers have led to significant economic disparities. The legacy of slavery and discriminatory policies, such as redlining and employment discrimination, have hindered wealth accumulation and economic mobility for Black families.

  • Family Separation: The trauma of family separations during slavery has had lasting effects. Even after emancipation, many families struggled to reunite, and the psychological impact of these separations has been profound and enduring.

    3. Impact of Racial Socialization on Black Families

    Racial socialization involves the processes through which Black parents prepare their children to navigate a society where racial bias and discrimination are prevalent. This includes instilling racial pride, educating about cultural heritage, and developing coping strategies for dealing with racism. Such socialization is crucial for fostering a positive racial identity and psychological well-being in children. However, it also presents challenges, as parents must balance protecting their children with preparing them for potential biases they may encounter.

    4. Factors Impacting Black Families Since Slavery

    Several factors have significantly impacted Black families since slavery:

    • Systemic Racism: Institutionalized racism has manifested in various forms, including segregation, discriminatory housing policies, and unequal educational opportunities, all of which have adversely affected Black families.

    • Economic Inequality: The denial of economic opportunities and wealth-building mechanisms has perpetuated a cycle of poverty and limited upward mobility for many Black families.

    • Mass Incarceration: Disproportionate incarceration rates among Black individuals have led to family disruptions and have had detrimental effects on community stability.

    5. Academic Resource: "The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750-1925" by Herbert G. Gutman

    Main Points:

    1. Resilience of Black Families: Contrary to narratives suggesting that slavery destroyed Black family structures, Gutman's research indicates that many Black families remained intact and resilient during and after slavery.

    2. Post-Emancipation Family Stability: Data from the post-emancipation period show that Black families had high rates of two-parent households and marital stability, challenging stereotypes of Black familial dysfunction.

    3. Cultural Continuity: Black families maintained cultural practices and values that fostered unity and strength, aiding in their survival and adaptation in a racially oppressive society.

    Significance: Gutman's work provides a nuanced understanding of the Black family's historical resilience, countering misconceptions and highlighting the importance of cultural and familial bonds in overcoming systemic challenges.

    6. Key Takeaway from the Unit

    A significant insight from the readings is the enduring impact of slavery on the structure and perception of Black families. Despite the abolition of slavery, its legacy continues to influence societal attitudes, economic opportunities, and policy decisions affecting Black families. Recognizing this historical context is crucial for addressing current disparities and fostering equity.

Several interrelated factors contribute to the underrepresentation of African Americans in STEM education and careers:

• Systemic Educational Inequities: African American students often attend under-resourced schools with limited access to advanced STEM courses, laboratories, and extracurricular activities. This lack of exposure and preparation can hinder their pursuit of STEM fields.

• Lack of Representation and Role Models: The scarcity of African American professionals in STEM roles can lead to a lack of mentorship and role models for aspiring students, impacting their motivation and sense of belonging in these fields.

• Cultural and Societal Stereotypes: Prevailing stereotypes and biases can discourage African American students from pursuing STEM, as they may internalize negative perceptions about their capabilities in these areas.

2. Role of Teachers in Shaping Expectations and Fostering Interest in STEM

Teachers play a pivotal role in influencing students' engagement and success in STEM:

• Setting High Expectations: Educators who maintain high expectations for all students, regardless of background, can positively impact African American students' academic self-concept and performance in STEM subjects.

• Culturally Responsive Teaching: Incorporating culturally relevant pedagogy and materials can make STEM subjects more relatable and engaging for African American students, fostering a deeper interest and understanding.

• Mentorship and Support: Teachers who actively mentor and support African American students can help navigate academic challenges and encourage persistence in STEM pathways.

3. Impact of Educators' Implicit Bias on Minority Students Interested in STEM

Implicit biases among educators can significantly affect African American students:

• Lowered Expectations: Unconscious biases may lead teachers to underestimate the abilities of African American students, resulting in less encouragement to pursue advanced STEM courses.

• Disproportionate Disciplinary Actions: Implicit biases can contribute to higher rates of disciplinary actions against African American students, disrupting their educational trajectories and diminishing interest in STEM fields.

• Reduced Access to Opportunities: Biases may influence teachers' decisions about which students are recommended for gifted programs or advanced STEM opportunities, often to the detriment of African American students.

4. Contribution to the Imposter Phenomenon in Education and the Workplace

The imposter phenomenon, characterized by feelings of self-doubt and perceived fraudulence, is prevalent among African Americans in STEM:

• Lack of Representation: Being one of the few African Americans in a STEM environment can lead to heightened self-scrutiny and feelings of not belonging.

• Stereotype Threat: The pressure to disprove negative stereotypes can cause stress and anxiety, contributing to imposter feelings.

• Limited Support Networks: The absence of mentors and peers who share similar backgrounds can exacerbate feelings of isolation and self-doubt.

5. Strategy to Counter Identified Struggles

Implementing mentorship programs that connect African American students with professionals in STEM can address several challenges:

• Representation: Mentors serve as tangible examples of success, helping students envision themselves in similar roles.

• Guidance and Support: Mentors can provide academic and career guidance, helping students navigate obstacles and make informed decisions.

• Building Confidence: Regular interactions with mentors can bolster students' self-efficacy and reduce feelings associated with the imposter phenomenon.

6. Key Takeaway from the Unit

A significant insight from the unit is the profound impact of systemic biases and the importance of intentional interventions:

• Systemic Change: Addressing underrepresentation in STEM requires systemic changes in educational policies, curriculum design, and institutional practices.

• Early Exposure: Introducing African American students to STEM concepts and careers early can spark interest and lay the foundation for future success.

Community Engagement: Engaging families and communities in STEM education initiatives can create supportive environments that reinforce students' aspirations.

Experiencing subconscious racial slights, also known as microaggressions, can lead to chronic stress, anxiety, and a feeling of invisibility or devaluation. Over time, these experiences contribute to racial battle fatigue, eroding a person's sense of self-worth and security. They often create psychological burdens such as hypervigilance, low self-esteem, and even symptoms of depression or PTSD.

2. What stereotypes are perpetuated when racial microaggressions are thrown around towards a person of color?

Microaggressions often reinforce harmful stereotypes, such as the belief that Black individuals are less intelligent, more threatening, or culturally inferior. Comments like 'You’re so articulate' or assumptions about criminality or aggression sustain the false idea that Black excellence is an exception and not the norm, which can damage identity and opportunity.

3. Considering Intersectionality, what other issues does this theme affect in the African American community?

Intersectionality shows us that racial microaggressions affect African Americans differently depending on additional identities like gender, sexual orientation, socioeconomic status, or religion. For example, a Black woman may face both racial and gendered microaggressions, compounding stress and marginalization. This theme also affects access to education, healthcare, and fair employment opportunities.

4. How do theories of intersectionality, racial microaggressions, bias, or white privilege affect one's understanding of 'sense of self' or ethnic identity?

These theories reveal how external perceptions can distort internal identity. When someone is constantly met with implicit bias or invalidation, they may begin to question their worth or suppress parts of their culture. On the flip side, awareness of these systems can also strengthen ethnic identity, empowering individuals to reclaim pride in their heritage and challenge systemic inequities.

5. Online Resource

Resource: “Microaggressions in Everyday Life” – Psychology Today (https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/microaggressions-in-everyday-life)
Why it helps: This resource breaks down examples of microaggressions and explains their psychological impact in a practical, relatable way. It also outlines how people—even with good intentions—can unknowingly perpetuate harm, helping readers understand the subtle dynamics at play.

6. Strategy to Address Microaggressions

A useful strategy is to use 'I' statements in response, such as: “I know you didn’t mean any harm, but that comment made me feel uncomfortable because…” This opens the door to respectful dialogue without putting the offender on the defensive. Education through storytelling, reflection, and workplace DEI (Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion) training also helps reduce unintentional offenses.

7. One Thing I Learned / What Stood Out

One thing that stood out to me was how microaggressions, although small in isolation, have cumulative effects that can deeply impact mental health. The audio made me reflect on how even casual comments can carry centuries of oppression, and how important it is to listen, validate, and respond thoughtfully in diverse environments.

🔑 Most Important Lesson from the Unit

1. The most important thing I learned from this unit is how deeply entrenched stereotypes have shaped the dynamics between Black men and women in interpersonal and close relationships. The readings helped me understand that many relationship issues stem from generational trauma, societal expectations, and harmful media portrayals. This deepened my awareness of the psychological and emotional toll these dynamics have, especially when people are navigating love, trust, and identity under the weight of systemic stereotypes.

2. 📺 Media Stereotypes and Their Impact

Long-standing stereotypes of African American females being portrayed as property—particularly in rap videos where women are often objectified—negatively affect the psyche of both viewers and those portrayed. These images can reinforce the belief that Black women are only valued for their bodies, leading to lower self-esteem, identity confusion, and distorted self-worth. This also harms their dating prospects, as they are frequently fetishized or dismissed based on those stereotypes rather than valued for their full humanity.

3. 📈 Rising Numbers of Single Black Unmarried Women

Several factors contribute to the increasing number of single Black women:

• Disproportionate incarceration rates among Black men.

• Educational and economic disparities that shift dating preferences and compatibility.

• Social and cultural pressures that discourage vulnerability and emotional openness in Black men, complicating relationships.

• Systemic racism that places greater burdens on Black families and communities, affecting long-term partnership stability.

4. 🌈 LGBTQ+ Stigma in the Black Community

The stigma against LGBTQ+ individuals in some parts of the African American community is rooted in a combination of historical, religious, and cultural influences. The church has historically been a cornerstone of Black life, and in many cases, it has promoted traditional, heteronormative views. Additionally, due to historical emasculation and oppression, there is sometimes a hyper-emphasis on "manhood" and traditional gender roles, making it harder for LGBTQ+ individuals to be fully accepted. However, this stigma is being challenged by younger generations and evolving social values.

5. 📚 Resource That Helped Me Understand These Themes

Resource Title: Sister Citizen: Shame, Stereotypes, and Black Women in America
Author: Melissa V. Harris-Perry (2011)
Summary: This book explores how negative stereotypes like the Jezebel, Mammy, and Sapphire affect the political behavior, self-esteem, and emotional health of Black women. It provides a powerful framework for understanding the psychological burden placed on Black women and validates the need to challenge these narratives in both private and public spaces.
Why It’s Helpful: It helped me connect how systemic imagery and social experiences affect Black women’s dating lives, relationships, and sense of self.

Code-switching refers to the practice of alternating between different languages, dialects, or cultural behaviors depending on the context. For African Americans, this often involves shifting from African American Vernacular English (AAVE) to Standard American English (SAE) or modifying behavior to align with dominant cultural norms in professional or academic settings.

This adaptation can be a strategic tool for navigating environments where biases exist against non-standard forms of communication. By code-switching, African Americans may gain access to opportunities, avoid discrimination, and achieve success in spaces that might otherwise marginalize them. However, this constant adjustment can also lead to emotional strain and a sense of inauthenticity.

2. How does expecting code-switching threaten diversity?

Mandating or expecting individuals to code-switch can undermine genuine diversity by pressuring them to conform to dominant cultural standards. This expectation suggests that certain ways of speaking or behaving are superior, thereby devaluing other cultural expressions. Such pressures can lead to a homogenized environment where true inclusivity is compromised.

3. How do the effects of code-switching intersect with a person's mental health?

Engaging in code-switching, especially when it's frequent and perceived as necessary for acceptance, can have significant mental health implications. It can lead to increased stress, anxiety, and feelings of isolation. The effort to constantly monitor and adjust one's behavior or speech can be mentally exhausting, potentially leading to burnout and a diminished sense of self-worth.

4. Resource for Further Understanding:

Title: "The Costs of Code-Switching"
Source: Harvard Business Review
Link: The Costs of Code-SwitchingHarvard Business Review

This article delves into the psychological and emotional toll of code-switching, especially in professional settings. It provides insights into how code-switching, while sometimes beneficial, can also lead to negative outcomes for individuals who feel compelled to suppress their authentic selves to fit in.

5. Strategy to Address Misconceptions About Code-Switching:

One effective strategy is to implement educational programs that celebrate linguistic diversity and promote cultural competence. By raising awareness about the value of different dialects and cultural expressions, organizations and communities can foster environments where individuals feel respected and accepted without needing to alter their identities. Encouraging open dialogues and providing platforms for diverse voices can also help dismantle stereotypes and misconceptions.

 6. Key Takeaway from Unit Materials:

A significant insight from the unit readings is the concept of "double consciousness," introduced by W.E.B. Du Bois. This term describes the internal conflict experienced by African Americans who navigate the dual identities of being both Black and American. It underscores the psychological challenges of reconciling one's cultural heritage with the pressures to assimilate into mainstream society.

2. How does this faith provide a connection back to Africa for African Americans?
For African Americans, joining the Yoruba Orisha faith offers a spiritual and cultural reconnection to African roots. Through rituals, music, language, and community, practitioners embrace a heritage interrupted by the transatlantic slave trade. This faith enables a symbolic return to Africa, restoring identity, pride, and ancestral ties.

3. How does the Yoruba faith treat health and healing?
Yoruba spirituality sees health as a holistic state involving physical, emotional, and spiritual harmony. Illness is often viewed as a spiritual imbalance. Healing methods include herbal medicine, spiritual cleansings, and divination through Babalawos (priests) who consult the Ifá system to diagnose and guide treatment using natural remedies and offerings to Orishas.

4. Resource and Analysis:
📚 Resource: Yoruba Traditional Healing Practices: Holistic Health and Spirituality – YorubaLibrary.com
🔍 Analysis: This article highlights the Yoruba approach to healing, blending natural medicine with spiritual care. It emphasizes treating root causes, not just symptoms, and supports a deeply interconnected view of health.
💡 What I learned: The most important takeaway was that Yoruba medicine is preventive and deeply spiritual. Healing rituals restore balance not just in the body, but within one’s relationship with nature and the divine.

5. One thing that stood out from the unit:
One concept that stood out was the role of the Orisha Babalú-Ayé, who governs both disease and healing. His dual role represents the balance of power in the universe—how the same spiritual force can harm or heal depending on the circumstances. This deeply holistic view of health reinforces the importance of maintaining spiritual balance.

African American women often receive less pain medication compared to other women in the same hospital settings. This disparity stems from longstanding racial biases and misconceptions within the medical community. Some healthcare providers erroneously believe that Black women have a higher pain tolerance, leading to the undertreatment of their pain. Such biases contribute to the dismissal of legitimate pain complaints, resulting in inadequate pain management for African American women during childbirth and other medical procedures.

2. Factors Contributing to Disproportionate Maternal and Infant Mortality

Several interrelated factors contribute to the higher rates of maternal and infant mortality among African American populations:

• Systemic Racism and Implicit Bias: Racial discrimination within healthcare systems leads to delayed diagnoses, inadequate treatment, and a general mistrust between patients and providers.

• Chronic Stress (Weathering Hypothesis): The cumulative effect of chronic stress due to racism and socioeconomic disadvantages accelerates health deterioration in Black women, increasing risks during pregnancy and childbirth.

• Limited Access to Quality Healthcare: African American women often face barriers to accessing prenatal and postnatal care, including living in "maternal care deserts" where obstetric services are scarce.

• Prevalence of Chronic Health Conditions: Higher incidences of conditions like hypertension, diabetes, and obesity among African American women elevate the risks associated with pregnancy and childbirth.

• Socioeconomic Factors: Poverty, limited education, and inadequate housing contribute to poor health outcomes, affecting both mothers and infants.

3. Solutions to Improve Experiences and Outcomes

To address these disparities, several strategies can be implemented:

• Enhancing Cultural Competency: Training healthcare providers to recognize and mitigate implicit biases can lead to more equitable treatment.

• Expanding Access to Midwives and Doulas: Integrating midwives and doulas into maternal care has been shown to improve birth outcomes and provide culturally sensitive support.

• Policy Reforms: Expanding Medicaid coverage to include comprehensive maternal care services and extending postpartum coverage can improve access to necessary healthcare.

• Community-Based Programs: Initiatives like the Philly Joy Bank provide financial support to pregnant women in underserved communities, aiming to reduce infant mortality rates.

• Improving Data Collection: Collecting and analyzing data on maternal and infant health disparities can inform targeted interventions and policy decisions.

4. Resource for Understanding the Theme

Resource: "If We Want to Save Black Mothers and Babies, Our Approach to Birthing Care Must Change" – Time Magazine

Significance: This article discusses the importance of shifting from hospital-centric birthing models to community-based care, emphasizing the role of midwives and doulas in improving outcomes for Black mothers and infants. It highlights systemic issues and proposes actionable solutions, aligning with the unit's focus on addressing racial disparities in maternal health.

5. Key Takeaway from the Unit

A striking realization from the unit is that African American women with higher socioeconomic status and education levels still face disproportionately high maternal mortality rates. This underscores that systemic racism and implicit bias in healthcare are pervasive issues that transcend economic and educational boundaries, necessitating comprehensive reforms to ensure equitable care for all.

1. Type the name of your chosen film below.

Streets of Compton

2. Type the three themes that have been identified in the film watched below that positively or negatively affect the African American community:

a. Drugs

b. Violence

c. Fame

3. State explicitly how you plan on describing the trajectory of the status of the African American community:

a. I will analyze how the prevalence of drug use and distribution in Compton weakened the economic and social structure of the African American community by contributing to addiction, incarceration, and broken families.

b. I will show how systemic and interpersonal violence led to the normalization of trauma and fear, yet it also gave rise to organized community resistance and activism.

c. I will explore how fame, especially through hip-hop and street credibility, became a path for empowerment, expression, and economic opportunity, but also created unrealistic expectations and glorified destructive behavior.

4. State explicitly how you plan on synthesizing the effect of the identified themes on the psychological/mental state of the African American community:

a. I will demonstrate how drug epidemics caused psychological harm through generational trauma, stigmatization, and mistrust in health systems.

b. I will explain how violence fostered a survival mindset, leading to hyper-vigilance and PTSD, especially in youth.

c. I will address how fame has both empowered individuals to reclaim narratives and contributed to identity struggles rooted in materialism, performative masculinity, and public scrutiny. I will also discuss how these themes intersect—drug use is often linked with the trauma caused by violence, and fame is sometimes achieved through glorification of both.

5. What 4 resources have you looked up to help you analyze the themes?

a. Resource Citation: Alexander, M. (2010). The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. The New Press.

i. Research Question: How has the war on drugs led to mass incarceration and systemic oppression in African American communities like Compton?

b. Resource Citation: Boyd, T. (2004). Am I Black Enough for You? Popular Culture from the 'Hood and Beyond. Indiana University Press.

i. Research Question: In what ways has hip-hop culture contributed to both the empowerment and commodification of Black identity in places like Compton?

c. Resource Citation: American Psychological Association. (2017). Ethnic and Racial Disparities in Trauma Exposure.

i. Research Question: How does chronic exposure to violence affect the mental health and development of African American youth?

d. Resource Citation: Chang, J. (2005). Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation. St. Martin’s Press.

i. Research Question: What role has fame through music played in creating alternative paths out of systemic poverty for African Americans in inner-city environments?

6. Type your one-sentence argumentative thesis statement for the direction of your presentation below that can be proven or disproven:

Although "Streets of Compton" reveals the devastating impacts of drugs and violence, it ultimately illustrates that fame—when grounded in community identity and resilience—can offer a powerful tool for psychological and socioeconomic liberation in African American communities.

1. Why do African Americans face higher COVID-19 rates according to the PEW Research articles?
According to the PEW articles, African Americans face higher COVID-19 rates due to a combination of structural and systemic issues. These include a higher likelihood of having underlying health conditions, living in densely populated areas, and being employed in frontline essential jobs that increase exposure risk. Economic disparities also contribute to limited access to quality healthcare and paid sick leave, making prevention and treatment more difficult.

2. How are the mistrust of the healthcare system and the general distrust of medical doctors during the time of COVID-19 affecting the African American community?
The mistrust—rooted in a long history of medical racism and unethical treatment, such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study—led to increased vaccine hesitancy and lower participation in public health efforts. This distrust contributed to delayed care, skepticism of COVID-19 safety protocols, and reluctance to receive vaccinations or follow medical guidance, all of which worsened the health outcomes for many African Americans.

3. THREE Strategies to Address These Issues:

• Community-Based Education Campaigns: Partner with trusted Black community leaders, churches, and organizations to provide accurate, culturally sensitive information about COVID-19 and healthcare.

• Increase Representation in Healthcare: Encourage more African Americans to enter medical professions to increase trust and communication between providers and patients.

• Policy Reform: Expand access to healthcare by supporting Medicaid expansion, improving insurance coverage, and addressing social determinants of health such as housing and employment.

4. Additional Resource:
Title: “The Color of COVID-19: The Racial Disparities in the Pandemic” (KFF.org)
Link: https://www.kff.org/coronavirus-covid-19/issue-brief/the-color-of-covid-19-racial-disparities-in-pandemic/
Why it shines light: This resource provides detailed statistical data and case studies that highlight how deeply rooted inequities contributed to the disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on communities of color, particularly Black Americans. It emphasizes systemic barriers and offers solutions through public health and policy interventions.

5. One Thing That Stood Out From the Unit Reading or Audio:
One powerful insight from the unit readings was how generational trauma and historical neglect by the medical system have created deep psychological barriers to seeking care. This history still echoes today and affects how African Americans interact with healthcare institutions—especially in crises like a pandemic.

2. How is culturally competent care vital to the success of the mental health relationship between the provider of clinical mental health services and the African American community?
Culturally competent care is essential because it acknowledges the lived experiences, historical trauma, and cultural values of African Americans. A provider who understands the community's unique stressors—like racism, mistrust of the medical system, and spiritual traditions—is better equipped to build trust and offer meaningful, effective care. Without cultural competence, African American clients may feel misunderstood, judged, or dismissed, which can lead to early termination of care or reluctance to seek help altogether.

3. THREE Strategies to Address These Issues:

• Partner with Faith-Based Organizations: Collaborate with Black churches to offer mental health workshops, counseling referrals, and support groups within trusted spaces.

• Train More Black Mental Health Professionals: Representation matters. Supporting education and certification of Black therapists can increase trust and accessibility in the community.

• Integrate Spirituality into Treatment: Allow space for prayer, faith discussions, and church involvement as part of the therapeutic process when requested by the client.

4. Resource:
🔗 National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) – “Faith and Mental Health”
https://www.nami.org/Your-Journey/Identity-and-Cultural-Dimensions/Faith-Spirituality-and-Religion
This resource sheds light on the intersection of mental health and spirituality. It provides insight into how faith can be both a support system and a barrier if stigma is not addressed. It also emphasizes the importance of partnerships between faith leaders and mental health professionals to improve outcomes.

5. One thing I learned or that stood out from the unit:
One thing that stood out to me is how historical trauma, such as slavery and systemic racism, continues to shape mental health outcomes in the African American community today. The unit emphasized that addressing mental health in Black communities must go beyond surface-level care—it requires cultural understanding, trust-building, and systemic change.