In addition to this, a considerable change in the intensity of temperature extremities can be observed as well. The decrease in the number of frost days (when daily minimum temperature drops below 0°C) while the increase in the number of hot days (when daily maximum temperature reaches or exceeds 30°C) clearly shows an accelerated warming phenomenon.
In Portugal, notably in the Alentejo region,  we are genuinely concerned with verified and confirmed real threats of climate change that we do not know, in fact how to solve. Alentejo is one of the regions most affected by climate change in Europe due to the combined effect of temperature increases and reduced precipitation in a region that is already in a climate fringe close to the limit of habitability.

The economy of Alentejo is heavily dependent on the primary sector – more than 6 billion euros annually and more than 54000 direct jobs in agriculture and tourism that will be heavily affected by the planned climate change.

Alentejo has a low average level of socioeconomic development, which is an issue of the adaptability of local communities to climate change.

By Gavriil Xanthopoulos,
Natural Resource Technologies Consulting, Athens, Greece (http://www.fao.org/3/AD653E/ad653e64.htm)
18. PODLECH, D.; LIPPERT, W., Wild Flowers: of Britain & Europe. 1994.
19. PINTO-CORREIA, T.; RIBEIRO, N.; POTES, J.; Livro Verde dos Montados. 2013  
20. HAWKEY, S., Plantas Medicinais. 2004. 

Other WEB-Sites & Links consulted on 20/03/2019                www.floraon.pt www.spbotanica.pt http://naturdata.com www.jb.utad.pt http://www.uc.pt/ herbario_digital/herb_uc http://www.bioscripts.net/coloma/
About Hungary: https://www.climatechangepost.com/hungary/climate-change/
https://www.climatechangepost.com/news/2016/10/31/farmers-eastern-europe-will-suffer-more-climate-ch/

https://www.globalnature.org/35261/Living-Lakes/Europe/Lake-Balaton/Balaton-Adaptation-Project/resindex.aspx
https://www.climatechangepost.com/news/2018/10/17/global-warming-will-increase-wheat-rice-and-maize-/

https://www.climatechangepost.com/news/2018/10/20/shift-tree-species-composition-european-forests-re/

https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/10/3/243   
        https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/distribution-of-plant-species-2/assessment

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4640131/

https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/adaptation/how_en

Forest vegetation reflects the climate and topography of the country as well as the soil condition, which is generally quite poor. The influence of man, active in the area for more than three thousand years, is also reflected in the distribution and usually degraded condition of the forests. Drought-resistant evergreen broadleaved species (Quercus ilex, Laurus nobilis, Ceratonia siliqua, Olea europaea, Arbutus spp., Cistus spp., Erica spp., Pistacia spp. etc.), mostly forming shrublands, and pine trees (Pinus halepensis, Pinus brutia, Pinus pinea, etc.) occupy the lower elevations in the country (up to 300 m above sea level in northern Greece and 800 m in the south). Next, there is a zone of deciduous broadleaved species (Quercus spp., Fagus orientalis, Castanea vesca, etc.) and conifers (Pinus nigra, Pinus maritima, Cupressus sempervirens, Abies cephalonica, etc.) that reaches 900 m in the north and 1 200 m in the south. At higher elevations, up to 1 800 m, vegetation includes cold-tolerant broadleaved tree species (such as Fagus silvatica, Fagus moesiaca, Quercus sessiliflora, Quercus pedunculata, Populus tremula, Betula pendula, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer spp., etc.) and conifers (Pinus nigra, Pinus silvestris, Abies alba, etc.). Finally, at elevations up to 2 200 m, vegetation mostly includes cold tolerant conifers and a few broadleaved species (Picea excelsa, Abies alba, Pinus peuce, Pinus silvestris, Pinus heldreichii, Populus tremula, Sorbus aucuparia).

Forest flammability is generally high. The most flammable types are the pine forests (Pinus halepensis, Pinus brutia) and the shrublands at the lower elevations, by the sea, in the middle and southern part of the country. This vegetation is also adapted to fire either through cone serotiny (pines) or re-sprouting (shrubs).

 Since the beginning of the new millennium, the Mediterranean region has been fighting a new phenomenon called megafires. Extreme weather conditions help create firestorms raging with such ferocity and spreading so quickly that they become uncontrollable. They only end with changing weather conditions or when they run out of fuel. Especially in the wildland-urban interface, which has significantly increased due to urban sprawl, these megafires cause serious damage and even loss of human lives. Megafires can also occur in an average forest fire year.
 In Greece, forest fires in Athens’ surroundings during the secondhalf of August were responsible for aroundhalf of the country’s forest cover losses in 2009.
 Climate change further exacerbates the risk of forest fires in the Mediterranean region. Expected effects include longer drought periods during the summer and also the occurrence of droughts at other times of the year. In the southern Mediterranean region, wildfire risk will remain high year-round. Even today, climate conditions in the Mediterranean region – long summers with practically no rain and with average temperatures far above 30 °C – dry the litter layer to lower than 5 % humidity, making one spark sufficient to ignite a huge conflagration.  Climate change also increasingly triggers extreme weather conditions such as long hot spells with low humidity and strong winds, which permitted the fires in Greece in 2007 to assume devastating proportions. The incidence of sudden storms with strong rains reaching average annual rainfall levels within hours may also increase. Strong rains wash the unprotected soil off burned surfaces, and soil erosion further leads to desertification. 

Reports about wildfires in Greece through the last years

It Is a kind of hollow seed, which has the shape of a navel and a furry shroued cover. " From the appearance of this seed, released by the plant, is the name "Omphalodes", meaning navel in Latin. The botanist who first described the genus to the scientific community (Miller, during the EIGHTEENTH century), saw in the unusual shape of the fruit the form of a navel.  

Omphalodes Kuzinskyanae or Miosótis-das-Praias is a species of the family Boraginaceae and endemic Portuguese that is only in the Sintra-Cascais Natural Park, presenting a high risk of becoming extinct. Being an annual small plant, germinates from November to mid-February, its flowering usually occurs in March and has white-blued flowers. Omphalodes Kuzinskyanae is a harmless and herbaceous species (rarely reaches more than a height palm). Its life span is relatively short, ending in June.

This species develops in porous and sandy soils, with carbonates, as is the case of Abano ("beach"). Miosótis-das-Praias is a plant with floating populations, that is, the number of individuals varies much from year to year due to the action of man, but also to weather conditions and changes of characteristics of soils, which are very sensitive.

Temperature rise can affect plant species and entire communities in multiple ways, by imposing, e.g., phenological shifts (Walther, 2003; Gordo and Sanz, 2009; Bock et al., 2014), physiological temperature stress (Scaven and Rafferty, 2013; Bussotti et al., 2014), and disrupted interactions with mutualists (Memmott et al., 2007). Shifts in phenology in response to climate warming have already been widely recorded in many organism groups across the world (Parmesan, 2006; Cleland et al., 2007; Bertin, 2008; Miller-Rushing and Primack, 2008). In plants, the shifts are usually stronger in early-flowering species and less marked in late-flowering plants (Fitter and Fitter, 2002; Walther et al., 2002; Petanidou et al., 2014).

Ambient temperatures directly affect plant physiology. The optimal range of ambient temperatures for photosynthesis in Mediterranean woody plants under experimental conditions is usually around 25–30° (Flexas et al., 2014), but the optimum can also shift according to season (Medlyn et al., 2002) and be somewhat lower under field conditions (Flexas et al., 2014). Temperatures in the Mediterranean maquis (evergreen-sclerophyllous scrub) reach 35–40°C in summer, but leaf temperature can be even up to 55°C under the same conditions (Larcher, 2000). However, photosynthesis can already start progressively diminishing when leaf temperature is between 35 and 40°C (Larcher, 2000). Altogether, plants in the Mediterranean generally grow under suboptimal temperatures in winter (Larcher, 2000) and close to their optimum (Bussotti et al., 2014) or occasionally even at supra-optimal temperatures in summer (Larcher, 2000; Flexas et al., 2014). However, under future climate warming the optimal temperatures in summer might be exceeded more frequently than before (Bussotti et al., 2014).

Temperature also affects plants indirectly through processes dependent on plant photosynthetic capacity, such as flower and nectar production (Southwick, 1984; Burquez and Corbet, 1998). The effect of elevated temperatures on the number of flowers has been found ambiguous, with both increase and reduction in the number of flowers in different species, or with no change at all (Jakobsen and Kristjánsson, 1994; Liu et al., 2012; Scaven and Rafferty, 2013). A strong heat stress during flowering, however, can cause abortion of buds and open flowers and thus reduce their number (Morrison and Stewart, 2002; Wahid et al., 2007; Bykova et al., 2012). Plants can also produce more flowers without any nectar under temperature stress (Petanidou and Smets, 1996; Takkis et al., 2015). Floral nectar volume is unimodally related to temperature and the optimal temperatures generally correspond well to average ambient temperatures during the flowering season (Jakobsen and Kristjánsson, 1994; Petanidou, 2007). Moderately elevated temperatures may increase nectar secretion (Pacini and Nepi, 2007; Nocentini et al., 2013), but strongly elevated temperatures reduce it (Petanidou and Smets, 1996; Scaven and Rafferty, 2013; Takkis et al., 2015). At the same time, nectar sugar concentration is generally less variable and less affected by temperature than nectar volume (Villarreal and Freeman, 1990; Nocentini et al., 2013; Takkis et al., 2015). Altogether, under elevated temperatures, plant overall nectar secretion could be reduced through a combined negative effect of high temperatures on flower and nectar production.

Combined warming-induced changes in phenology and nectar production can alter plant–pollinator interactions through phenological mismatches and reduced nectar resources available for pollinators (Memmott et al., 2007; Hegland et al., 2009; Petanidou et al., 2014). The most likely reason for mismatches are differences in the cues used by the interaction partners, such as temperature or day length (Hughes, 2000; Bertin, 2008; Doi et al., 2008). Mismatches are more likely to occur among spring than summer species, because of stronger phenological shifts early in the season (Doi et al., 2008; Wolkovich et al., 2012; Fründ et al., 2013). The possible changes in nectar resources are still largely unknown. Consequent changes in the interaction networks can have a negative impact on both plants and pollinators, and cause population declines in both groups (Real and Rathcke, 1991; Hegland et al., 2009; Scaven and Rafferty, 2013). Nevertheless, despite the multiple expected changes, plant–pollinator interaction systems are generally considered to be relatively stable and resilient to climate change (Memmott et al., 2004; Devoto et al., 2007; Petanidou et al., 2014).

In addition to the expected temperature rise, current climate change can also alter precipitation patterns. For the Mediterranean region, different projections generally predict decreased amounts of precipitation (Giorgi and Lionello, 2008; Giannakopoulos et al., 2009; IPCC, 2013). However, the differences in precipitation can be great between adjacent localities—even during the recent hottest years on record, the precipitation patterns in the Mediterranean have been complex, with both less and more than average amounts of rainfall in different places (NOAA, 2018). Furthermore, the magnitude of changes can differ between seasons (IPCC, 2013). Due to the varied patterns of precipitation under climate change (Cook and Wolkovich, 2016), its effect on vegetation in any particular region in the future is expected to be also variable