Shelf by Thomas Landers

thomasalanders — 2024-09-20 14:04:00 UTC

thomasalanders — 2024-09-20 14:38:20 UTC

The first stage in this phase is chromosome alignment, The chromosomes like up in what would be an invisible equator in the cell. Then spindle fibers attach to the chromosomes, each chromosome being attached to the opposite pole ensuring that they are pulled apart evenly. Now, the cell undergoes a ¨checkpoint" where the chromosomes are checked in they are appropriately attached to the spindle fibers and aligned at the metastase plate.

Khan Academy. (n.d.). https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/cell-communication-and-cell-cycle/cell-cycle/a/phases-of-mitosis#:~:text=Mitosis%20consists%20of%20four%20basic,late%20phase%20(called%20prometaphase).

thomasalanders — 2024-09-20 14:50:06 UTC

In the beginning of Anaphase, the centromers that hold the chromatin together then split. Then chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell, this movement is done by the shortening of the spindle fibers attached to the centromeres. The cell then elongates, making way for the split.

thomasalanders — 2024-09-20 15:20:28 UTC

During the telephase chromosomes reach opposite end of the cell. A new envelopes is formed around each of the chromosomes. Next, the chromosomes uncoil returning chromatin state. The nucleus then reappears, each daughter cell has one now. The completion of Cytokinesis occurs, the result of which is two separate cells.

Meiosis is a type of cell division to create sperm and egg cells.

2024-09-21 04:26:19 UTC

There is no way for me to lamenize this process so i will relay it almost directly.

Meiosis. (n.d.). Genome.gov. https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Meiosis

Meiosis I

2024-09-21 04:33:33 UTC

¨Before entering meiosis I, a cell must first go through interphase. As in mitosis, the cell grows during G\[_1\] phase, copies all of its chromosomes during S phase, and prepares for division during G\[_2\] phase.¨(Meiosis, n.d.)

Meiosis. (n.d.). Genome.gov. https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Meiosis

Prophase I

2024-09-21 04:37:07 UTC

¨During prophase I differences from mitosis begin to appear. As in mitosis, the chromosomes begin to condense, but in meiosis I, they also pair up. Each chromosome carefully aligns with its homologue partner so that the two match up at corresponding positions along their full length.¨(Meiosis, n.d.)

Meiosis. (n.d.). Genome.gov. https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Meiosis

Crossing over

2024-09-21 04:41:25 UTC

¨This process, in which homologous chromosomes trade parts, is called crossing over. It's helped along by a protein structure called the synaptonemal complex that holds the homologues together. The chromosomes would actually be positioned one on top of the other—as in the image below—throughout crossing over; they're only shown side-by-side in the image above so that it's easier to see the exchange of genetic material.¨(Meiosis, n.d.)

Meiosis. (n.d.). Genome.gov. https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Meiosis

Metaphase I

2024-09-21 04:46:10 UTC

This is where genes basically pair up and line up at the metastase plate for separation.

Meiosis. (n.d.). Genome.gov. https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Meiosis

Anaphase I

2024-09-21 04:49:03 UTC

This is where homologues are pulled apart, drawn to each end of the cell. At this point though they do not come apart.

Meiosis. (n.d.). Genome.gov. https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Meiosis

Telophase I

2024-09-21 04:53:03 UTC

¨Finally, in telophase I, the chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell. In some organisms, the nuclear membrane re-forms and the chromosomes decondense, although in others, this step is skipped—since cells will soon go through another round of division, meiosis II\[^{2,3}\]. Cytokinesis usually occurs at the same time as telophase I, forming two haploid daughter cells.¨(Meiosis, n.d.)

Meiosis. (n.d.). Genome.gov. https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Meiosis

I did this over 2 days

2024-09-21 04:56:12 UTC

I just realized i re-explained mitosis because it is part of the process for meiosis. I am not going to erase my work thus far but I apologize if that is redundant.

Prophase 2

2024-09-21 05:01:16 UTC

¨chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks down, if needed. The centrosomes move apart, the spindle forms between them, and the spindle microtubules begin to capture chromosomes.¨(Meiosis, n.d.)

Meiosis. (n.d.). Genome.gov. https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Meiosis

Metaphase 2 & Anaphase 2

2024-09-21 05:04:08 UTC

Identical to metaphase I the genes line up at the metaphase plate to be drawn appart in anaphase 2

Telephase 2

2024-09-21 05:11:16 UTC

This is the process of the cell settling into normal functions of the cell. The genes condense and a membrane reforms around them. This process forms 4 haploid cells, creating sperm and egg cells.

Egg and Sperm | BioNinja. (n.d.). https://old-ib.bioninja.com.au/higher-level/topic-11-animal-physiology/114-sexual-reproduction/egg-and-sperm.html

Where these two processes differ.

thomasalanders — 2024-09-21 05:29:22 UTC

Mitosis is for the creation of new cells for growth and repair. Meiosis creates 4 daughter cells in which have completely different sets of DNA. I have already provided pictures of both so its unnecessary to do so again.

Genetic variation

thomasalanders — 2024-09-21 05:34:06 UTC

Random homologue pairs of genes meet up at the metphase plate and create a wide variety of genetic assortment.

References

thomasalanders — 2024-09-21 05:35:51 UTC

Meiosis. (n.d.). Genome.gov. https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Meiosis

Egg and Sperm | BioNinja. (n.d.). https://old-ib.bioninja.com.au/higher-level/topic-11-animal-physiology/114-sexual-reproduction/egg-and-sperm.html

Fowler, S., Roush, R. & Wise, J. (2023, January 9). Concepts of biology. Open Stax College.