XIX and the XX century.

Positivism is all about using science and facts to understand the world. It says that if we can’t measure something or see it in action, it doesn’t count as real knowledge.

Auguste Comte: Founder of positivism, believing science can solve everything.

Marxism looks at how the rich and powerful control society and keep the working class in a lower position. Marxists believe education is a way to keep these inequalities going.

Key Subjects: Reading, writing, math, history, and Latin. Learning should be fun and based on real experiences.

Learning should connect to nature and allow children to discover things for themselves.

Lessons that start with simple ideas and gradually move to more complex ones. It’s all about learning through experience.

Subjects like history and literature should be taught in an organized way that builds good character.

He created kindergartens where children could learn through songs, stories, and games.

Learning should be focused on real-world knowledge, helping kids understand what’s right and wrong through practical outcomes

Learning should be based on hands on activities and problem-solving, helping kids connect classroom lessons with real-life situations.

Practical life skills, arts, science, and problem-solving that connect to a child’s culture and community.

Using hands-on materials, kids learn through play and everyday activities that help develop their motor and intellectual skills.

Learning should be tailored to each child’s cognitive stage, using specific materials and hands-on exploration.

Used group discussions and reflections to help students become more aware of social injustices and learn how to challenge them.