Effect of Drug and Medical Techniques

Unintended Clinical Outcomes

Limited Maternal Education Attainment

Provincial Living

Information Pollution

Cultural & Social Barriers to women's Equity

Racial Stratification

Hypertensive Disorders

Pathogenic Mechanism/Causes

Sepsis

Pre-eclampsia

Postpartum Hemorrhage

Failure to Recognize Warning Signs During Pregnancy

Acute Respiratory infections

Diarrhea

Malaria

Moller, A. B., Patten, J. H., Hanson, C., Morgan, A., Say, L., Diaz, T., & Moran, A. C. (2019). Monitoring maternal and newborn health outcomes globally: a brief history of key events and initiatives. Tropical medicine & international health, 24(12), 1342-1368.

Muldoon, K. A., Galway, L. P., Nakajima, M., Kanters, S., Hogg, R. S., Bendavid, E., & Mills, E. J. (2011). Health system determinants of infant, child and maternal mortality: A cross‐sectional study of UN member countries. Globalization and Health, 7(1), 42.

Souza, J. P., Day, L. T., Rezende‑Gomes, A. C., Zhang, J., Mori, R., Baguiya, A., Jayaratne, K., Osoti, A., Vogel, J. P., Campbell, O., Mugerwa, K. Y., Lumbiganon, P., Tunçalp, Ö., Cresswell, J., Say, L., Moran, A. C., & Oladapo, O. T. (2024). A global analysis of the determinants of maternal health and transitions in maternal mortality. The Lancet Global Health, 12(2), e306‑e316.

World Health Organization. (2025). Child mortality and causes of death. Global Health Observatory.

World Health Organization. (2025, April 7). Maternal mortality. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality

Children > 5

Minority Women

< 18yrs & > 35yrs

Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes

Sub-Saharan Africa & Southern Asia

2023 -+ 87% (225 000) Maternal Deaths

Sub-Saharan Africa

2023 26 Deaths per 1000 live Births

-+70% (182 000) Maternal Deaths

Southern Asia

2023 21 deaths per 1000 live births

-+17% (43 000) Maternal Deaths

2022 under-5 Deaths

80% 4.9 million

Areas of Concerns

* Access to Contraception

* Quality Abortion Care

*Abortion Aftercare *Inequalities

*Health Systems

*Ensuring Accountability

*Access to Universal Health Coverage

Plans to Address

*Applying Findings from Clinical Research

*Translating Policy into Tangible Results

*Establish Worldwide Standards

*Strengthening Health Systems

*Introduce Systematic Instructions

*Invest in Research

Maternal Mortality Region Deaths

Southern Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

Northern Africa 36.9%

Latin America & Caribbean 22.1%

HICs 16.3%

* Child Deaths > age 5

Annual Estimates

-7000 newborns die

+ 7000 babies are stillborn

Maternal Mortality

* Women Deaths

Approx. 810 women die daily

Cause = pregnancy & childbirth

* Pregnancy Direct or Indirect complications

Hemorrhage

Hypertensive Disorders

Sepsis

Maternal Mortality

* Monitors Health General Quality

* Reproductive Health Care

* Countries Progress

* Ward International Development Goals