Research Findings:

• These elements of the integumentary system all have the purpose of protecting our body from other invasive/infectious organisms such as Pathogens (bacteria, and viruses).

• In humans, skin, hair, and nails is what makes up the outermost layer of all humans. They are all made of keratin, a sustainable structural protein that prevents damage.

• The most important part of this organ system would be our skin, which is also known as the largest organ in our body.

  Epidermis

  Epidermis is the outer most layer of our skin (the one that we can see and touch)

  • It does not have any blood vessels, which means that if an injury occurs solely in this layer it will not bleed.

  • It has the purpose of protection.

  • It contains a dead layer of keratin which is constantly renewed.

    Dermis

  Dermis is the middle layer of our skin, which contains two sublayers, the Papillary layer, and the Reticular layer.

  • The papillary layer is connected to the epidermis, and is responsible for providing it with nourishment and nutrients.

  • The reticular layer (bottom layer), is more heavily packed with blood vessels and made of collagen and a connective tissue. This gives it the purpose of making the skin firm and flexible with this combination.

    Hypodermis

  Hypodermis is the last layer of the skin.

  • It is made of connective tissue, and stored fat.

  • The fat in the layer helps generate heat for the organs inside the body.

  • The hypodermis also connects the three layers of the skin to the muscles beneath.

  
  

  
  

Source: Integumentary system PDF

Research Findings:

• In cells, Homeostasis is maintained by the exchange of energy and other materials with its surrounding organisms.

• An example of homeostasis is how when the temperature rises, our body will sweat in order to cool down and regain the balance of body heat it had.

Sources:

• Homeostasis. (n.d.). https://www.asbmb.org/education/core-concept-teaching-strategies/foundational-concepts/homeostasis#:~:text=Biological%20homeostasis%20is%20the%20ability,relatively%20narrow%20set%20of%20conditions.

Research:

• Its functions include, protecting internal organs, storing and releasing fat, the production of blood cells, Storing and releasing minerals, facilitating movement, and supporting the body.

• The bone has three main parts who all have different functions;

• The periosteum is the outer covering of the bone.

• Compact bone is the inner had and dense part of the bone which stores calcium. It is also surrounded by hollow caverns for blood vessels to enter the bone.

• The spongy bone a light part of the bone that has hollow spaces providing flexibility for the bone.

• The bones connect to the circulatory system because they create the blood cells which are then transported to the circulatory system through small vessels in the bone.

• The Bone marrow, which is the center inner part of our bones produces red blood cells.

• When a bone is broken or fractured it has a process of regeneration which is based on two types of cells; The Osteoblast (constructs new bone), and Osteoclast (destroys dysfunctional bone parts). This healing process begins with the formation of blood coating the interior of the bone, which will then harden over time.

Types of muscles:

• Voluntary muscle are the muscles that you can consciously control. This includes muscles attached to our bones, which provide movements such as walking and running.

• Skeletal muscles are all the muscles attached to our skeletal system. Most skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles since we control the majority of our movement through signals from our brain.

• Involuntary muscles are the ones who work without the need of our conscious control. This type of muscle tends to be attached to vital organs in our body that have essential purposes, such as our lungs.

• Smooth muscle is an involuntary muscle found lining the walls of most of our organs, such as our intestines. It has a different pattern than other muscles since it appears smooth and patternless under a microscope.

• cardiac muscle is only found in our hearts. It is very similar to the smooth muscle in terms of pattern and structure which is ideal for constantly relaxing and contracting.

The contraction of these organs occurs because the cells are relaxing and contracting, which makes the tissue contracts, which then makes the organ contract. So it all leads back to the cell.

There are veins in our muscles which are responsible for bringing and taking oxygen through red blood cells.

Structure:

• It includes the kidneys, hair, nails, and lungs

• The kidneys are a pair of organs that filter waste out of the blood.

• As the food moves through our intestine, the nutrients are absorbed to be used for other purposes, while the wasted substances are carried and transported by blood to the kidneys. This is usually what is left over of cellular respiration and digestion.

• Excess water, carbon

  dioxide, and nitrogen compounds, are the main things that are removed from the body as waste.

  The Urinary System:

• Responsible for liquid metabolic waste, that includes excess water, salt, and minerals.

• This waste will travel from the kidneys, to the renal arteries, which will then lead to the nephrons, which will filter it and reuse any useful nutrients.

• The left over waste is then carried from to the ureter, then exits the body as liquid waste, urine.

  
  

  Tissues:

• Renal tissue (kidney tissue)

• Ureteral tissue (wall tissue)

• Blood vessels (vascular tissue)

• Smooth Muscle tissue (Lining many of the main organs of the system)

Mechanical digestion : when the body physically and consciously breaks down food.

Chemical digestion: when the body internally breaks down food chemically, using enzymes, which are special proteins that produce chemical reactions.

Organs:

• mouth - Responsible for mechanically digesting food through chewing and saliva.

• esophagus - Carrying the food from our mouths after being mechanically digested, to the stomach.

• stomach - Chemically digests food through a combination of acids. It them becomes chyme which is the combination of both food and stomach acids.

• small intestine - Then, the chyme moves through the small intestine, collecting all the nutrients, which then go to the circulatory system.

• large intestine - Responsible for collecting any leftover water from food residue that can no longer be digested. This waste is solid at this point and is then excreted from the body through the anus.

  Accessory Organs:

• Liver

• Gallbladder

• Pancreas

  In general they help the small intestine absorb nutrients.

  
  

  
  

It detects the presence of these harmful pathogens and reacts against them before they can call harm. This is called the immune response.

Nonspecific immunity:

• It has two different ways of serving its purpose. One is a first line of defense called non-specific immunity, which is made to prevent the pathogen from even entering the body.

• If the virus manages to get past this first line of defense, lymphocytes which are white blood cells will detect it and alert the rest of the system.

• Once it is detected, the immune systems goal is to kill the pathogen, and then prevent it from having any affect on the bodies homeostasis.

Specific Immunity:

• A defense system that can protect the body from specific pathogens and viruses, while also establishing a memory of them, in case the body is infected once more by the same pathogen.

• This is possible through memory b cells

• plasma b cells are what create our antibodies, which prevent us from being reinfected.

• Antigens - a part of the pathogen that triggers and immune response.

Organs and Tissues:

Bone marrow - What produces the white blood cells.

Motor neurons communicate to your muscles when to contract, and the better those signals are, the stronger a person can get.

• over 650 skeletal muscles in our body.

• When you exercise, you are forcing your muscle fibers to contract and stretch repeatedly

• muscle contraction is when the muscles tighten, shorten, and lengthen during physical activity.

• sometimes muscle contracts involuntarily.

• our body needs our muscles top contract in order to be able to move.

• 40% of bodys temperature converts into muscle movement

Isometric or stationary contraction:

• luscle contracts

• length doesnt change

• joint doesnt move

• builds strngth but not most efficient

Concentric contraction

• the muscle shortens

• the one we are most used to

Eccentric contraction

• Muscle gets longer

• tension is produced.

• causes tiny tears in the muscle fibers

• sorenes in caused because your body is getting to work repairing those muscles.

• these tears are normal and essential to building muscle

• This is also what causes the muscles to grow and get bigger

• The duration and intensity can influence the affect it has on your body

• repetition

• testosterone can also increase muscle growth

• Improves sensitivity

• Satellite cells - help with muscle regenerationn- repair muscle

• During this procces muscles will increase in size and strength

• Tension helps change the chemistry of the muscle

• cell swelling also contribute to muscle growth.

• protein helps rebuild muscle fibers

• glucose is one of the main sources of fiber

• Crabohydrates is important for this procces

• lean protein is important to help build muscle

• hydration is important for muscle repair

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