Auditory interfaces are bidirectional, communicative connections between two systems—typically a human user and a technical product. The side toward the machine involves machine listening, speech recognition, and dialogue systems. The side towards the human uses auditory displays. These can use speech or primarily non-speech audio to convey information. 

Auditory displays are not new and have been used as alarms, for communication, and as feedback tools for many decades. Indeed, in the mid 1800s, an auditory display utilizing Morse code and the telegraph ushered in the field of telecommunication. As technology has improved, it has become easier to create auditory displays. Auditory interfaces as they are experienced now, in the beginning of the 21st century, are more sophisticated and diverse than the bells and clicks of the past. As mentioned previously, this is primarily due to the increasing availability of powerful technical tools for creating these displays. 

Thus, the use of this technology to present information to users has become common place with applications ranging from computers to crosswalk signals (Brewster, 1994; Massof, 2003). This same improvement in technology has coincidentally increased the need for auditory displays. Some of the needs that can be met through auditory displays are: 
(a) presenting information to visually-impaired people
(b) providing an additional information channel for people whose eyes are busy attending to a different task 
(c) alerting people to error or emergency states of a system
(d) providing information via devices with small screens such as PDAs or cell phones that have a limited ability to display visual information. 
Furthermore, the auditory system is well suited to detect and interpret multiple sources and types of information.

 

There are several challenges that needed to be considered in building a perfect multimodal interface which are the single-language support of voice modality along with vocabulary and grammar limitations. Gesture recognition’s challenge is on limitation of gestures and environment conditions that affect the recognition process. Besides, the available solutions today are incompatible across different platforms and device-dependent.

 

An example of this interface includes the AT&T’s MATCHkiosk that uses speech, pen and touch modalities. It also produce graphic and texts outputs through synthetic speech synchronization.

The gesture is known as “movement of a body part (especially the hands, arms or head) that made with or without intention meaning something”. For CADOZ it is “the most significant and richest channel of communication” that can be the alternative of speech. More exactly the gesture was forms from three parts, the beginning of movement, the path of action and the end of gesture.

Two aspects of gestures exist which is the static aspect and dynamic aspect. The static aspect evaluates the posture or the specific for of the image of the hand we seek to recognize while the dynamic aspect concerns either on the path of the hand or the arrangement of postures of the hand that we seek to recognize.

The principle of the recognition of an act is based on comparing the signatures of the current action and the signatures of the training sequences corresponding to an alphabet of known gestures. The gesture recognition associated with the smallest distance. The technique is based on the combine use of static signatures and dynamic signatures. The static signature is histogram of gradient directions and the dynamic signature involves the superposition of the skeletons of the forearm and hand extracted from each binary image of the sequence of gestures.

The user has often dream to interact with a more natural and intuitive machine rather than with conventional means. For this reason, the gesture is richest means of communication that can be used for human computer interaction.

Circulafloor Applications has been suggested the best locomotion mechanism for virtual worlds is walking.A user's sense of distance or orientation while walking is much better than while riding in a vehicle. However, most virtual environment applications don't provide the proprioceptive feedback of walking. The CirculaFloor locomotion interface provides such a sense of walking and can thus potentially revolutionize the user experience in entertainment and training simulators.

The feasibility of an interactive voice response system (IVRS) for monitoring patient safety after discharge from the ED

Emerg Med J 2018;35:180-185.

 

 

Interactive Voice Response(IVR) is an automated telephony system technology which can read a combination of touch tone and voice input that interacts with the callers. It will gathers required information and route calls to the appropriate recipients when needed. It also gives users ability to access a database of information via phone calls. Usually, IVR system has several menus of prerecorded options which the callers can choose from. Some of option not limited to basic choice such choosing a number, there also option may required caller to speak detailed information such as name or address. This input is read by the IVR system and used to access the appropriate information in the database.

 

The feasibility of using the IVR system is to access for checking adverse events after Emergency Department(ED) discharge. The IVR system will ask the patient was having a health problem and if they want to speak to a nurse. If the patient responding that they do have health problem, the system will search for health record in the database, admissions to hospital and return emergency department visits. They will analysed the data using descriptive statistics.

 

This was a successful study for applying for IVR system technology to access patient safety issues.Out of 968 patients, 81.7% patients had succesful IVR system contact and 22.6% wanted to speak to a nurse. The IVRS-based method of monitoring patients was acceptable and identified a significant improvement in care.

in the paradigm of entertainment from one person to another. Users are chemically stimulated using a variety of tasting displays to gauge response from them. During the test, “Food Simulator”, “Taste Screen” and “Meta Cookie” will be reviewed.  Unit that stimulates a tongue by electric and thermal means will be demonstrated during the test. By varying the parameters of the current and the temperature of the electrode, some basic taste sensations such as sour and bitterness can be tasted by them.

Summary of Small Screen Interfaces:

Users attempting a sequential form of multitasking via frequent app switching due to the lack of dedicated multitasking interface features in smartphones.  Porous interfaces is a paradigm that combines the concept of translucent windows with finger identification to support efficient multitasking on small screens. Porous interfaces enable partially transparent app windows overlaid on top of each other, each of them being accessible simultaneously using a different finger as input. Porous interfaces is designed to include a broad range of multitasking interactions with and between windows, while ensuring fidelity with the existing smartphone interactions. 

In designing porous interfaces,the challenge faced is enable access to windows layered below the topmost window without bringing those windows to the forefront. In summary, no existing works tackle the problem of small screen multitasking in its entirety. A novel combination of partially transparent overlaid windows and finger identification on smartphones will be used to design an end-to-end interface for small screen multitasking.

In conclusion, porous interfaces can enable small screen multitasking using window transparency and finger identification. An end-to-end interface with fidelity was build to the existing smartphone interface. There are two main reasons users have to switch apps most frequently which are for content transfer and attending to notifications.