https://padlet.com/kaylynbutler/j5th8b3kppgweaqa The Autonomic Nervous System or ANS is a branch off of our Central Nervous System. It is responsible for regulating the organs and glands within our body. Sources: Unit 2 Lecture Notes and Drug List en-us 2023-03-02 09:34:09 UTC 2023-03-11 20:00:03 UTC hello@padlet.com kaylynbutler https://padlet.com/kaylynbutler/j5th8b3kppgweaqa/wish/2500833735 The Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) or the adrenergic division of the ANS, is responsible for the fight or flight response. ]]> 2023-03-02 09:35:52 UTC https://padlet.com/kaylynbutler/j5th8b3kppgweaqa/wish/2500833735 kaylynbutler https://padlet.com/kaylynbutler/j5th8b3kppgweaqa/wish/2500834346 The Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) or the cholinergic division of the ANS, is responsible for the rest and digest response. ]]> 2023-03-02 09:36:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kaylynbutler/j5th8b3kppgweaqa/wish/2500834346 kaylynbutler https://padlet.com/kaylynbutler/j5th8b3kppgweaqa/wish/2500835627

Acetylcholine (ACH) which is released at the ganglia and at the postganglionic nerve endings.

]]> 2023-03-02 09:36:54 UTC https://padlet.com/kaylynbutler/j5th8b3kppgweaqa/wish/2500835627 kaylynbutler https://padlet.com/kaylynbutler/j5th8b3kppgweaqa/wish/2500837142

Acetylcholine (ACh) which is released at the ganglia.

Norepinephrine (NE) which is released at the postganglionic nerve endings.

Epinephrine (EPI) which is produced at the adrenal medulla and acts on adrenergic receptors.

Dopamine (DA) which produced by the hypothalamus and is a precursor to NE.

]]> 2023-03-02 09:38:10 UTC https://padlet.com/kaylynbutler/j5th8b3kppgweaqa/wish/2500837142 kaylynbutler https://padlet.com/kaylynbutler/j5th8b3kppgweaqa/wish/2500876868 The primary receptors associated with the PNS are all considered cholinergic receptors. They subdivide into muscarinic, nicotinic-1/nicotinic nerve (Nn), and nicotinic-2/nicotinic muscle (Nm).

• Muscarinic receptors are located on cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands. 
• Nicotinic-1 (Nn) receptors are located at the area of synapse (ganglia of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves).
• Nicotinic-2 (Nm) receptors are located at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle. These receptors are not autonomic, but somatic. 

]]> 2023-03-02 10:12:00 UTC https://padlet.com/kaylynbutler/j5th8b3kppgweaqa/wish/2500876868 kaylynbutler https://padlet.com/kaylynbutler/j5th8b3kppgweaqa/wish/2500879365 The primary receptors associated with the SNS are all considered adrenergic receptors. They subdivide into alpha-1, alpha-2, beta-1, and beta-2.

• Alpha-1 receptors are located on smooth muscles, most arteries & veins, eyes, and glands. 
• Alpha-2 receptors are located on adrenergic nerve endings. 
• Beta-1 receptors are located on the heart.
• Beta-2 receptors are located on the smooth muscle of the lungs, uterus, and coronary & skeletal muscle arteries.

]]> 2023-03-02 10:14:03 UTC https://padlet.com/kaylynbutler/j5th8b3kppgweaqa/wish/2500879365 kaylynbutler https://padlet.com/kaylynbutler/j5th8b3kppgweaqa/wish/2503592035 alpha-1 receptor: contraction of smooth muscle

•    Most arteries and veins - 
  • vasoconstriction   
• Smooth muscle - 
  • contraction
•    Iris muscle (eye) - 
  • pupillary dilation (mydriasis)

alpha-2 receptor: relaxation/inhibition (parasympathetic response)

•   Adrenergic nerve ending -  
  •  decrease release of Norepinephrine
• Most arteries and veins - 
  • vasoconstriction   
• Smooth muscle - 
  • contraction

beta-1 receptor:

•  Heart -  
  •  increase in HR, AV conduction and force of contraction

beta-2 receptor: relaxation of smooth muscle

•    Bronchiolar smooth muscle - 
  •  bronchodilation
•   Uterus - 
  •  relaxation
• Coronary & skeletal muscle blood vessels - 
  •  vasodilation/relaxation
• Smooth muscle -
  • relaxation
•  Urinary bladder - 
  •  relaxation, decreased urination
• Urinary sphincter -
  • contraction, decreased urination

]]> 2023-03-04 18:23:34 UTC https://padlet.com/kaylynbutler/j5th8b3kppgweaqa/wish/2503592035 kaylynbutler https://padlet.com/kaylynbutler/j5th8b3kppgweaqa/wish/2503593202 muscarinic receptor: 

•    Heart - 
  • decrease heart rate  
• Intestines - 
  • increased GI secretions, increased digestion, increased defecation
•    Iris muscle (eye) - 
  • pupillary constriction (miosis)
• Bronchiolar smooth muscle - 
  •  bronchoconstriction
•   Urinary bladder - 
  •  contraction, increased urination
• Urinary sphincter -
  • relaxation, increased urination

nicotinic-1 (Nn) receptor: 

•  CNS excitement

nicotinic-2 (Nm) receptor:

•  Neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle -  
  •  muscle contraction

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Alpha-1 Adrenergic Agonists: stimulates alpha-1 receptor and causes contraction of smooth muscles and blood vessels, increase of blood pressure, and decongestant effect. 

Adrenergic Agonists: stimulates all alpha and beta receptors and causes cardiac stimulation, bronchodilation, vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure. 

Alpha-1 Adrenergic Blocking Drugs: binds to and blocks alpha-1 receptors causing relaxation of smooth muscle, vasodilation of blood vessels, decreased blood pressure, and increased urine flow. 

Beta-1 Adrenergic Agonists: Low doses stimulate dopaminergic (d-1) receptors in kidneys causing vasodilation and increased renal blood flow. Moderate dose stimulates beta-1 receptors in heart causing an increase in cardiac output & force of contraction. High doses stimulate alpha-1 receptors and cause vasoconstriction, leading to increased blood pressure.

Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists: stimulates beta-2 receptors causing bronchodilation (relaxation of smooth muscle of the lungs) and relaxation of the smooth muscle of the uterus.

Selective Beta-1 Blockers: blocks beta-1 receptors causing a decrease in heart rate, conduction, force of contraction, cardiac output and blood pressure. 

Non-selective Beta Blockers: block beta-1 & beta-2 receptors and causes decreased force of contraction, heart rate, conduction, cardiac output and blood pressure. 

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Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: directly stimulate the muscarinic receptors and mimics ACh. 

• Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: inhibit acetylcholinesterase and increases ACh.

• Anticholinergics: binds to a cholinergic receptor and acts as a blocking drug (competitive antagonism).

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ephedrine

phenylephrine  (Neo-Synephrine)

epinephrine (Adrenalin)

prazosin (Minipress)

terazosin (Hytrin)

doxazosin (Cardura)

dobutamine

formoterol (Foradil)

albuterol (Proventil, Ventolin)

terbutaline (Brethine)

nadolol (Corgard)

propranolol (Inderal)

timolol (Blocadren)

atenolol (Tenormin)

metoprolol (Lopressor) 

]]> 2023-03-07 00:41:20 UTC https://padlet.com/kaylynbutler/j5th8b3kppgweaqa/wish/2505988762 kaylynbutler https://padlet.com/kaylynbutler/j5th8b3kppgweaqa/wish/2505996446

acetylcholine

pilocarpine (Pilocar)

bethanechol (Urecholine)

neostigmine (Prostigmin)

atropine

dicyclomine (Bentyl)

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