How did African American's participation in sports change post WWII? by Diego Reyes-Ramos

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-20 14:01:27 UTC

Jackie Robinson was the first ever African American to play in an all white baseball team. He played for the dodgers in 1947. He was respected by his teammates but always was discriminated by the rival players and spectators. It was hard for his as segregation in the U.S. was still strong especially in sports as it was the first time an African American played in a professional sport with white people.

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-20 14:11:32 UTC

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-20 14:21:24 UTC

Jackie Robinso talking about him being discriminated during games

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-20 14:31:18 UTC

Marlin Brisco became the first AA to play as a starting quarterback in the American Football League (AFL) on October 1968 in a game with the Denver Broncos.

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-23 20:34:33 UTC

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-23 20:38:01 UTC

At the 1968 summer Olympic games in Mexico City, two African american sprinters John Carlos and Tommie smith stood on awards podium with their fist in the air signifying black power, one taking 1st and the other 3rd place in the competition. After they returned home they were suspended from the U.S. olympic team and even recieved death threats when they went home

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-23 20:48:02 UTC

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-23 21:01:29 UTC

During the 60's more African Americans started to participate in sports compared to the 40/50's. During the 50’s many AA’s were discriminated so very few achieved major things. But in the 60's many started achieving great things due to some colleges being integrated so this caused more athletes during the 60’s to go on to bigger teams and higher competition. A couple of examples of African American athletes who achieved great things include, Wilt Chamberlain, Bill Russell, Muhammad Ali, Wilma Randolph who won 3 gold medals at the 1960 summer Olympics and many others.

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-23 21:58:53 UTC

In 1974 Frank Robinson became the manager for the Cleveland Indians which made him first black manager in the MLB. Many did not like the idea of hiring him because of his color.

Citations

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-23 22:04:23 UTC

“Listen to Jackie Robinson on Racial Taunts | HISTORY.” History.com, A&E Television Networks, www.history.com/speeches/robinson-on-racial-taunts. Accessed 7 Oct. 2018.

Film still from The Jackie Robinson Story showing Jackie Robinson as himself with fellow Dodgers in the dugout. Photograph. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, .

Witz, Billy. “A Pioneering Black Quarterback's Lasting Legacy.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 30 Jan. 2014, www.nytimes.com/2014/01/30/sports/football/a-pioneering-black-quarterbacks-lasting-legacy.html.

"Sports and the Changing Tides of American Culture in the 1960s." The Sixties in America Reference Library, edited by Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast, vol. 1: Almanac, UXL, 2005, pp. 186-195. U.S. History in Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3441300022/UHIC?u=gree58654&sid=UHIC&xid=7c725e06. Accessed 8 Oct. 2018.

ESPN, ESPN Internet Ventures, www.espn.com/classic/biography/s/Robinson_Frank.html. Accessed 21 Oct. 2018.

"Curt Flood and the Reserve Clause." American Decades Primary Sources, edited by Cynthia Rose, vol. 8: 1970-1979, Gale, 2004, pp. 617-623. U.S. History in Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3490201609/UHIC?u=gree58654&sid=UHIC&xid=c0e76931. Accessed 28 Oct. 2018.

Strang, Katie. “Val James Not Bitter about Abuse.” ESPN, ESPN Internet Ventures, 14 Feb. 2015, www.espn.com/nhl/story/_/page/blackhistoryNHL1/nhl-pioneer-val-james-not-bitter-tortured-playing-days. Accessed 5 Nov. 2018.

“The Women's Figure Skating Medalists at the 1988 Olympic Games in Calgary, Canada.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 5 Jan. 2018, archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2018/01/05/arts/06icemusic5.html. Accessed 26 Nov. 2018.

Indycar, director. Willy T. Ribbs at Indy 500. YouTube, YouTube, 22 Jan. 2009, www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ud8AMBbqkLI. Accessed 28 Nov. 2018.In-text CitationCheck for GrammarCheck for Plagiarism

Chisholm, Gregor. “Cito Gaston Left His Imprint on the Game.” MLB.com, 14 Feb. 2017, www.mlb.com/news/cito-gaston-left-his-imprint-on-the-game/c-215951760. Accessed 27 Nov. 2018.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cito_Gaston

Jackie and his teammates

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-23 22:36:05 UTC

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-23 22:53:39 UTC

Curt Flood was the first African American to initiate the concept of free agency. Curt played in the MLB for St Louis Cardinals and refused to be traded to Philadelphia phillies because he wanted to become a free agent, which led him to challenge the reserve clause that prevented players from leaving their club unless they were traded. Curt said the reserve clause was a violation of the 13th amendment. His case was appealed by the supreme court. He lost the trail 5-3. The trend of free agency spread to other professional sports for all races.

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-23 23:25:53 UTC

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-23 23:28:47 UTC

African Americans were able to do more in the 70's as segregation was illegal so they didn't have to worry about being restricted by laws because of their color.

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-23 23:53:06 UTC

Val James was the first African American to play in the NHL, Playing for the Buffalo Sabre. It was not easy for James as he was always discriminated because of his color by the opposing team and its fans because they had never seen a colored person play in the NHL with white people.

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-26 13:56:54 UTC

Debi Thomas was the first African American to win a medal in the winter Olympics, she won bronze in figure skating at 1988 winter Olympics Calgary Canada.

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-26 14:36:18 UTC

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-26 18:49:53 UTC

Debi Thomas shown on the right next to gold and silver winners

1990-2000

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-26 18:53:07 UTC

William Theodore Ribbs Jr.

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-26 18:53:58 UTC

AKA Willy T. Ribbs becomes the first African American to qualify for the Indy 500, big achievment for him racing is heavily donminated by Whites

1970-1980

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-26 18:55:01 UTC

1960-1970

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-26 18:55:53 UTC

Post WWII (1945-1960)

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-26 18:56:30 UTC

1980-1990

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-26 18:57:31 UTC

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-26 19:27:25 UTC

Clarence Edwin "Cito" Gaston

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-27 14:08:22 UTC

Cito Gaston becomes the first African American Manager in the MLB to Reach and win the world series. This a an achievement for him to show that AA can be as good as white because he was discriminated alot growing up in the 60's, because at the time AAs were hated.

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-28 18:31:42 UTC

ddreyes_ramos — 2018-11-28 18:53:52 UTC

Many sports in the 90's were integrated but some sports had very few African American participation, one being racing. Racing is a white dominant sport in the U.S.. There has not been a black driver in the Indy 500 since the time of Willy T. Ribbs. Today there is only one African American race car driver, Darrell Wallace Jr. who competes full time in NASCAR