UNIT 3 REVIEW by Natalia Espinoza

What fundamental characteristics do all cancers have in common?

30137012 — 2022-04-18 05:22:30 UTC

^{All cancer cells share the same fundamental characteristics of uncontrolled growth and the
ability to invade neighboring tissues and/or spread to distant sites}

In what ways are diagnostic imaging technologies used to diagnose and treat disorders?

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^{X-rays, CT scans, and MRI scans are used to create pictures of the inside of the body to diagnose and treat many disorders.}

What do DNA microarrays measure?

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^{Scientists use DNA microarray technology to determine the differences in gene expression between different tissue samples}

How is DNA microarray technology used to determine the differences in gene expression between different tissue samples?

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^{Colors: red-highly expressed in cancerous cells
green- highly expressed in normal cells
yellow- expressed in both
black-neither}

How are the similarities of gene expression patterns between different individuals calculated?

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^{>1 induced by tumor formation
<1 suppressed by tumor formation
=1 not affected by tumor formation
=0 gene not expressed in either}

3.1 Vocab

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^{Apoptosis -the death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development.}

^{Biopsy-an examination of tissue removed from a living body to discover the presence, cause, or extent of a disease.}

^{Bone Scan -helps diagnose and track several types of bone disease.}

^{Cancer -the disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body.}

^{Cell Cycle -is a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides.}

^{Computed Tomography Scan (CT or CAT Scan)-of the bones, blood vessels and soft tissues inside your body.}

^{Diagnostic Imaging-Medical imaging is the technique and process of imaging the interior of a body for clinical analysis and medical intervention}

^{DNA Microarray-}^{DNA microarrays}^{are microscope slides that are printed with thousands of tiny spots in}^defined^positions

^{Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) detailed images of the organs and tissues within your body.}

^{Oncogene a gene that in certain circumstances can transform a cell into a tumor cell.}

^{Osteosarcoma- a type of bone cancer that usually develops in the osteoblast cells that form bone}

^{Proto-oncogene A normal gene which, when altered by mutation, becomes an oncogene that can contribute to cancer.}

^{Radiology- a branch of medicine that uses imaging technology to diagnose and treat disease.}

^{Risk Factor- Something that increases the chance of developing a disease.}

^{Tumor Suppressor Gene is a gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer.}

^{X-ray Broken bones}

In what ways do different risk factors increase the chance that a person will develop cancer?

30137012 — 2022-04-18 05:32:10 UTC

^{The different risk factors are
- Behavioral
- Biological
- Environmental
- Genetic
Each increase the chance that a person has cancer however some can be controlled (for example behavioral and even environmental up to a point)}

How can lifestyle changes reduce the risk for developing cancer?

30137012 — 2022-04-18 05:32:40 UTC

^{get sufficient physical activity, eat healthy foods in moderation, participate in cancer screening according to recommended guidelines, get vaccinated against the Human Papillomavirus (HPV)}

How can molecular tests be used to detect inherited genetic mutations associated with certain cancers?

30137012 — 2022-04-18 05:32:53 UTC

^{Molecular diagnostic tests, such as marker analysis, can be used to detect inherited genetic mutations associated with certain cancers and can be used to predict risk for developing those cancers}

How can viruses lead to cancer?

30137012 — 2022-04-18 05:33:52 UTC

^{they have a certain mutation that will go into the cell and cause the mutation to turn into cancer}

What is the importance of routine cancer screenings?

30137012 — 2022-04-18 05:34:11 UTC

^{to identify any possible tumors which you could develop at one point.}

3.2 Vocab

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^{Allele-one of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.}

^{BRCA-BRCA1 and BRCA2 are two genes that are important to fighting cancer. They are tumor suppressor genes}

^Cryosurgery

^{Familial Cancer-Cancer that occurs in families more often than would be expected by chance. These cancers often occur at an early age, and may indicate the presence of a gene mutation that increases the risk of cancer.}

^{Genetic Marker-A genetic marker is a DNA sequence with a known physical location on a chromosome}

^{Hereditary Cancer-In a hereditary cancer syndrome, certain patterns of cancer may be seen within families}

^{Marker Analysis-Single marker analysis is one of a series of quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis techniques that can detect associations between molecular markers and traits of interest to plant breeders}

^{Microsatellite (also known as Short Tandem Repeats-STRs)}

^{Melanoma-Melanoma is a form of skin cancer that begins in the cells (melanocytes) that control the pigment in your skin.}

^{Model System-A model system is scientists' jargon for a particular species of animal that has been developed over many years to be experimentally powerful to answer particular questions.}

^{Screening- Checking for disease when there are no symptoms. Since screening may find diseases at an early stage, there may be a better chance of curing the disease}

^{Sporadic Cancer-Cancer that occurs in people who do not have a family history of that cancer or an inherited change in their DNA that would increase their risk for that cancer.}

^Virologist-^Virologists^{are highly skilled medical experts who manage the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious diseases such as hepatitis C}

What can a cancer patient receiving chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy expect during treatment?

30137012 — 2022-04-18 05:38:57 UTC

^{Technique of making unconscious or involuntarily bodily processes (as heartbeat or brain waves) perceptible to the senses in order to manipulate them by conscious mental control. It works to calm patients and make the treatments more effective. For example when we used it on the 8 year old with ALL}

How is biofeedback therapy used to help patients improve their health or manage pain?

30137012 — 2022-04-18 05:39:48 UTC

^{- Changes the mental state of the patient allowing them to calm down
- Patients learn to use their mind to control involuntary actions such as heart rate, muscle tension, and respiration rate
- Overcome pain by relaxing specific muscle groups to relieve certain chronic pain and migranes
- Can help lower blood pressure, anxiety attacks, asthma attacks, or urination problems}

In what ways do artificial limbs allow patients who have suffered from the loss of a limb regain lost function?

30137012 — 2022-04-18 05:40:15 UTC

^{- Can offer simple movements, like hooks or pinchers to allow the person to pick objects up
- Prosthetics can be hooked to other functional parts of the body that are used to move the prosthetic
- Patient can use swithces and toggles to control the prosthetic
- Myoelectrics can help move muscle impulses to control the movement of prosthetic}

How do advances in technology allow for the development of artificial limbs that look and move like actual human limbs?

30137012 — 2022-04-18 05:40:38 UTC

^{Special dyes can be used to make the prosthetic the same color, with freckles, fingerprnts and a life like appearance
- Myoelectrics can use muscle contractions and EMG signals to control the prosthetic
- Current research is ongoing into the use of brain signals connected to the motor cortex to move robotic arms, which could be the new wave of prosthetics}

How do physical and occupational therapists help patients with disabilities or patients recovering from surgery or injury?

30137012 — 2022-04-18 05:41:01 UTC

^{- Physical therapists focus on range of motion, movement, and ability to regain proper movement
- Occupation therapists work with patients to practice normal activities they need to do daily such as driving, cooking, using the restroom
- Design appropriate exercises for the patients to practice the intended movement
- Use electric shock, stretching, and massage therapy to relax and test muscles}

3.3 Vocab

30137012 — 2022-04-18 05:43:04 UTC

^{Biofeedback- technique of making unconscious or involuntarily bodily processes (as heartbeat or brain waves) perceptible to the senses in order to manipulate them by conscious mental control}

^{Chemotherapy-use of chemical agents in the treatment or control of disease or mental disorder}

^{Metastasis-spread of a disease-producing agency (such as cancer cells or bacteria) from the initial or primary site of disease to another part of the body}

^{Myoelectric-utilizing electricity generated by muscle}

^{Occupational Therapy-therapy based on engagement in meaningful activities of daily life especially to enable or encourage participation in such activities despite impairments or limitations in physical or mental functioning}

^{Physical Therapy-treatment of disease by physical and mechanical means (as massage, regulated exercise, water, light, heat, and electricity)}

^{Prosthesis-artificial device to replace or augument a missing or impaired part of the body}

^{Radiation Therapy-treatment of disease by means of radiation (x-rays)}

Why do some drugs affect individuals in different ways?

30137012 — 2022-04-18 05:44:12 UTC

^{• Using pharmacogenetics, Doctors can see the relationship between someone's genes and their response to certain drugs.
• Understanding a patient's SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) profile will allow doctors to predict how a patient will react to a particular drug.}

How can information in our genes affect how our bodies interact with certain medications?

30137012 — 2022-04-18 05:44:39 UTC

^{• Since each persons genes are different, the proteins that the genes encode are also different
• Proteins process many of the drugs we take
• Pharmacogentics is used to customize treatments based on an individual's genes
• Can cause severe side effects, in some cases death}

How are clinical trials set up to ensure all data collected is valid and that all human subjects are treated ethically?

30137012 — 2022-04-18 05:44:57 UTC

^{Randomized, controlled and double blind}

How might nanomedicine change the future of medicine?

30137012 — 2022-04-18 05:45:23 UTC

^{• Nano-one billionth (aka very very very small)
• Nanomedicine- The use of nanotechnology to help
prevent, diagnose, and treat cancer
• Developing medical
interventions at cellular and molecular scale
• Two areas: nanodevices that are used to detect
signatures of cancer and
nanovectors which can be loaded with drugs and
targeted to tumors.}

3.4 Vocab

30137012 — 2022-04-18 05:47:29 UTC

^{Clinical Trial-A scientifically controlled study of the safety and effectiveness of a therapeutic agent (as a drug or vaccine) using consenting human subjects}

^{Controlled Study-Clinical trial in which the subjects are distributed into groups which are either subjected to the experimental procedure (as use of a drug) or which serve as controls}

^{Double Blind Study-An experimental procedure in which neither the subjects nor the experimenters know which subjects are in the test and control groups during the actual course of the experiments}

^{Nanomedicine-Area of biomedical research that seeks to use tools from the field of nanotechnology to improve health}

^{Open Study-Clinical trial in which both the researchers and the patients know who receives the drug and who receives a placebo}

^{Pharmacogenetics-The study of the interrelation of hereditary constitution and response to drugs}

^{Placebo-An inert or innocuous substance used especially in controlled experiments testing the efficacy of another substance (as a drug)}

^{Single Blind Study-An experimental procedure in which the experimenters but not the subjects know the makeup of the test and control groups during the actual course of the experiments}

^{SNP-Variant DNA sequence in which the purine or pyrimidine base of a single nucleotide has been replaced by another such base (also called single nucleotide polymorphism)}

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