• mammal species weighing less than 500 grams

• mammal species with average 5kg to 45kg

• mammal species with weight more than 50kg

White-tailed Antelope Squirrel

• Abundant in the deserts of California from Mono Co. south to the Mexican border, and along the northeastern border of California
• Omnivore (insects, plants, carrion)
• Inhabit desert scrub, sagebrush, alkali desert scrub, Joshua tree, bitterbrush, and pinyon-juniper
• Prefers open areas in arid and semi-arid habitats; requires friable soil for burrowing. Uses hard-surfaced, rocky, or gravelly soils in open areas with clumps of shrubs. 
• Reproduction: 
• Nesting burrow system with a nest of dried vegetation and hair is constructed (Grinnell and Dixon 1919, Bradley 1967).
• Breeding season from February through June with a peak in births in April. The litter size ranges from 5-14, with a mean of 9. Females may have 2 litters per yr, but 1 is considered normal (Grinnell and Dixon 1919, Bradley 1967)

• Inhabit isolated habitat and dense, tropical forests of south-east Asia (Borneo, Sumatra, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia)
• Carnivore, the majority of the Sun Bears diet is comprised of fruits and other plant matter that it finds in the surrounding forest

•  Small mammals: Weight more or less than 1kg, have small body & show variety successful adaptation and modes of life.

• Medium mammals: Mammals that weight more than 10kg and have medium body size.

• Large mammals: Mammals that weight more than 50kg and have large-sized, warm-blooded animals with hair. Young are nourished with milk from the mother.

• Local name : Sugar glider
• Common name : Petaurus breviceps
• Ecology : Exotic animals, Native to forest Australia, New Guinea and Indonesia. They are named after their diet which its preference for sugary nectarous foods and capability to glide through the air.  Their diet mainly consist of fruits and vegetables. They have membrane between their wrist and ankles which allowed them to glide. The large eyes of sugar gliders enhanced for night vision and excellent sense of hearing for them to locating prey in dark.

• Local name : Racoon
• Common name : Procyon lotor
• Ecology : Native to North America which mainly found in wooded areas. They forage for food at night by their sense of touch and hearing as they have poorly vision ability to distinguish color. So, they eat almost anything that they found. they have beautiful dense fur with black mask which helps to reduce glare.

   

• Local name : Black rhinoceros
• Common name : Diceros bicornis
• Ecology : Native to Eastern and Southern Africa. They have two horns at skull that made of keratin with the larger front horn. They are herbivorous browser and have restricted diet which preference of few plant species and leafy species as they choose it based on quality over quantity. 

 

• Local name : European rabbit
• Scientific name : Oryctolagus cuniculus
• Ecology : Native to southwestern Europe (Spain, Portugal and Western France) and northwest Africa (Morocco and Algeria). Widely introduced elsewhere. Prefer dry areas near sea level with soft sandy soil for easy burrowing.

  

• Local name : Capybara
• Scientific name : Hydrochoerus hydrochoeris
• Ecology : Semiaquatic mammals found throughout almost all countries of South America except Chile. Live in densely forested areas near water bodies such as lakes, rivers, ponds and swamps.

  

• Local name : Bornean Orangutan
• Scientific name : Pongo pygmaeus
• Ecology : Ranged throughout Southeast Asia and into southern China, as well as on the island of Java and in southern Sumatra. Widely distributed in Kalimantan, Sabah and Sarawak.  They primarily inhabit peat swamp forests, tropical health forests, and mixed dipterocarp forests. 

•  The fact that the population of strays has been on the rise and become worse. Even many people are adopting stray cats and dog, it doesn’t help their population to decline.
• Stray cats would jump on tables at eateries to score some food, while stray dogs would urinate to claim territories, while creating a mess in rubbish bins.
• Strays carry diseases that not only can spread to domesticated cats, but to humans as well.

• Best Friends Animal Society https://bestfriends.org
• PAWS Malaysia – Paws Animal Welfare Society http://www.paws.org.my

• Muhammad Syahrulnizam Bin Asmee 125905
• Murni Binti Abdul Wahid 125906
• Siti Aishah Binti Mohd Ali 125941
• Zarith Soffy Binti Muhamed Zaini 125959
• Zulaikha Ilani Binti Roslan 125960

• mammal species weighing less than 500 grams

• mammal species with average 5kg to 45kg

• mammal species with weight more than 50kg
  ii) Example of nocturnal species  (1 species for each mammals category)
   
   

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a9/Suncus_murinus.jpg

http://www.adirondackalmanack.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/feral-hogs1-nps.gov_.jpg

• Abundant in the deserts of California from Mono Co. south to the Mexican border, and along the northeastern border of California
• Omnivore (insects, plants, carrion)
• Inhabit desert scrub, sagebrush, alkali desert scrub, Joshua tree, bitterbrush, and pinyon-juniper
• Prefers open areas in arid and semi-arid habitats; requires friable soil for burrowing. Uses hard-surfaced, rocky, or gravelly soils in open areas with clumps of shrubs. 
• Reproduction: 
• Nesting burrow system with a nest of dried vegetation and hair is constructed 
• Breeding season from February through June with a peak in births in April. The litter size ranges from 5-14, with a mean of 9. Females may have 2 litters per yr, but 1 is considered normal 
  
  

http://www.wildnatureimages.com/images%203/060525-053..jpg

 
Medium mammal

• Found in tropical forests of south-east Asia (Borneo, Sumatra, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) 
• Habitat: primary, lowland rainforest where there are not only a wide variety of foods to eat, but also plenty of cover to remain safe from predators
• Carnivore, the majority of the Sun Bears diet is comprised of fruits and other plant matter that it finds in the surrounding forest
• Reproduction: mate and give birth all year round, gives birth to up to three cubs (but usually only one cub is born) in a nest that female makes in a large cavity such as a hollow tree. Exhibits parental care. 

 

• Found in coastal areas of the east and west Pacific and Atlantic Oceans in the Northern Hemisphere
• Habitat: the shallow waters of coastal areas, bays, rocky islets, estuaries, and even freshwater lakes. They are typically seen near piers and beaches, as well as on intercoastal islands. They are more common in relatively cold marine waters that lack annual sea ice coverage
• Reproduction: mate in aquatic habitats,Ways of attracting female: (vocal or diving capabilities and direct competition between males). The latter involves intense fighting near haul out sites and areas of high female abundance. Males are territorial. Actual mating occurs in water. Monogamous, but there have been reports in literature of slight polygamy with males mating with multiple females, but with a maximum of five successful fertilizations. 
• Feeding: carnivores that consume mostly fish

 https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Common_Seal_Phoca_vitulina.jpg/1200px-Common_Seal_Phoca_vitulina.jpg

• Small mammal- smaller-sized, warm-blooded animals with hair. These mammals have a high birth rate, a high death rate, and a short life span.

• Medium mammal-  weight with average 20 kg- 45 kg. 

• Large mammal- large-sized, warm-blooded animals with hair. Weight eceed more than 45kg.  Can be distinguished by diet. Wolves and mountain lions eat only meat, and bears eat plants and meat.

• Local name: Ricefield rat
• Scientific name: Rattus argentiventer
• Ecology

• Photo

 

MEDIUM NOCTURNAL SPECIES

• Local name: Common raccoon
• Scientific name: Procyon lotor
• Ecology

• Photo

 

LARGE NOCTURNAL SPECIES

• Local name: Red Fox / European Fox
• Scientific name: Vulpes vulpes
• Ecology

• Photo

 

 

• Local name: Least weasel
• Scientific name: Mustela nivalis
• Ecology

• Photo

 

MEDIUM DIURNAL SPECIES

• Local name: Meerkats 
• Scientific name: Suricata suricatta
• Ecology

• Photo

 

LARGE DIURNAL SPECIES

• Local name: Rat terrier (domestic dogs)
• Scientific name: Canis lupus familiaris
• Ecology

• Photo

 

 

• Stray dogs and cats tend to defile and sully due to the fact that no one is available to look after it. Strays often live under buildings, decks, sheds, and spread fleas there. Or worse, there are a stray dog might discover something to consume, which might cause illness to it, and it'll die under a structure, and cause a horrible rotting odor.  Stray cats are also at a higher risk for infectious diseases, parasites and fleas. If a stray cat scratch you or your pet, you could end up at the hospital to treat the infections or diseases that are passed through their saliva and scratches. 
• Such dogs might develop the liking to hunt and might ramble into a garden of other people and might even cause harm to home pets. When a stray dog meanders into a farm land and causes harm to livestock, there are chances that the farmer might shoot at it, since they are allowed to do so. 
• Stray dogs and cats are fond of opening garbage bin bags and so they can cause garbage and refuse to be scattered all over the property or street. They can also get into unsecured trash cans and leave a big mess for to clean up in the morning.

• PAWS - Animal Welfare Society

• Isyriati Ishak (125884)
• Khairun Ainaa Kamarudin (125886)
• Ku Noor Khalidah Ku Halim (127165)
• Nur Ezziati Amira Taufet Rosdi (127004)
• Sharifah Shakinah Syed Aziz (127007)
  
  

• small-bodied in comparison to most other mammals
• weight less than 1 kg
• for example rodents

• the average size between small n large mammals
• the weight is less than 45 kg

• large-sized, warm blooded animals with hairs. For examples the deer family.
• the weight is more than 45kg

• Local name: American hog-nosed skunk
• Scientific name: Conepatus leuconotus
• Ecology:

1. Adapted for digging
2. Species occurs in canyons, stream sides, rocky terrain 
3. Omnivorous(primarily on insect,vegetation and take small mammals and reptiles when available)

• Local name: Tasmanian Devil
• Scientific name: Sarcophilus harrisii
• Ecology:

1. Carnivorous(have powerful jaws and teeth) 
2. Live in coastal heath, open dry sclerophyll forest. 
3. Mother's backward-opening pouch can accommodate 4 teats

• Local name: Eastern Grey kangaroo
• Scientific name: Macropus giganteus
• Ecology: 

1. Encountered in Australia
2. Prefer open grassland with area of bush(daytime) 
3. Inhabit coastal area, woodland, sub tropical forest, inland scrubs
4. Nocturnal,crepuscular

• Local name: Northern Tree Shew
• Scientific name: Tupaia belangeri
• Ecology:

1. Live in rainforests. They are sometimes arboreal, but are most often found on or near the ground level
2. Diurnal and territorial, marking their spots using scent gland located in the abdomen and chin
3. Eat insects, mainly coleopterans (beetles), and fruit

• Local name: Siamang
• Scientific name:  Symphalangus syndactylus
• Ecology:

1. Live in the mountains of the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra in rainforests and monsoon forests
2. Arboreal, highly territorial, and primarily monogamous
3. Eat fruit and new leaves and include a larger proportion of leafy matter in their diet than most other gibbons. Siamangs also eat a small amount of insects, bird eggs and small vertebrates

• Local name: Common Chimpanzee
• Scientific name: Pan troglodytes
• Ecology: 

1. Mainly found in rain forests and wet savannas. While they spend equal time on land and in trees, they do most of their feeding and sleeping in trees
2. Eat primarily fruits, vegetable and plants, but occasionally meat
3. Males most often hunt cooperatively in groups, preying upon some fellow primates and other small to medium-sized mammals

1. NUR AFIEQAH BT MOHAMMAD (125915)
2. NUR ASNIDA BT A RAZAK (125919)
3. NUR AFIFAH BT SHARUDIN (127196)
4. TUAN AINUL ASYIKIN BT TUAN AZLAN (125954) 

• Smaller sized compare to medium and large mammals.
• Usually the weight is less than 1 kg.
• Examples are rodents, tree shrews and eulipotyphlans. 

• Usually this type of mammals have average body weight less than 45 kg.
• Examples are cats and beaver. 

• Large sized and warm-blooded animals with hair. 
• The young are nourished with milk from the mother.
• Examples are elephant, wolves and bears. 

• Taphozous melanopogon favours hilly and forested areas, with fresh water such as a lake, river or pond in the vicinity.
• it is an extremely alert and agile bat which can scuttle in a crab-like manner across vertical walls.
• Feeds on insect .

• Play a role as seed dispersers.
• Their waste products contain high amounts of calcium carbonate, which may play a role in localized nutrient cycling. 
• Major prey for Verreaux eagles.
• Prefer small cavities in tree.

•  primarily, although not exclusively, nocturnal.
• the diet consists of fruits from a variety of trees and shrubs in substantial. amounts, as well as aquatic plants, leaves, buds and soft twigs.
• Regularly inhabit montane forest, lowland tropical forest and swamps.
• Usually solitary but occasionally seen in pairs.

• Aside from serving as prey to some African carnivores, A. niloticus also serves other important, though perhaps less desirable, roles in its ecosystem. 
• It is an agricultural pest and competes with other African rodents, primarily natal multimammate mice, and savanna gerbils, for both natural and cultivated resources. 
• Arvicanthis niloticus thus has a strong impact on plant diversity. 
• Arvicanthis niloticus also serves as a host and/or vector for a variety of organisms, including fleas, parasitic worms, and virusess. 

• Lions are unique among cats as they live together in strong social groups. 
• A pride is made up of 5-15 related females and their cubs along with a generally single male (small groups of 2 or 3 though are not uncommon). 
• Male Lions patrol a territory of around 100m² marking trees and rocks with urine and roaring to warn off intruders. Although male Lions can defend their pride to great effect, their position in the pride is constantly under threat from other males who try to take over their patch and if successful, they will kill any cubs that were sired by the previous male. 
• Despite their enormous size, male Lions actually do hardly any of the hunting as they are often slower and more easily seen than their female counterparts. 
• The Lionesses in the pride hunt together meaning that they are not only more successful on their trips, but they are also able to catch and kill animals that are both faster than them and much bigger. 

• The African Forest Elephant mainly uses its immense tusks for digging for roots in the ground and to strip the bark off trees. 
• The African Forest Elephant also uses its tusks to defend itself from predators such as Lions, and to fight with other male African Forest Elephants during the mating season. 
• Males are generally fairly solitary but females and their young form small family groups known as herds. 
• This allows the more vulnerable offspring to be more easily protected. 
• African Forest Elephants communicate through a series of low-frequency calls which they are able to detect from a few kilometres away. 

• Stray dogs and cats are fond of opening garbage bin bags and so they can cause garbage to be scattered all over the property or street.
• Stray cats and dogs also might pose a threat to human by transmission of zoonotic diseases such as Toxoplasmosis and Giardiasis.

• Scientific name : Elephas maximus
• Distribution : inhabit grassland, tropical evergreen forest,  semi-evergreen forests, moist deciduous forests, dry deciduous forests, dry thorn forests  scrublands 
• Behaviour : form deep family bonds and live in tight matriarchal family groups of related females called a herd &  extremely intelligent animals and have memories that span many years. It is this memory that serves matriarchs well during dry seasons when they need to guide their herds, sometimes for tens of miles, to watering holes that they remember from the past. They also display signs of grief, joy, anger and play. 
• Constribution to ecosystem :  plays a vital role in maintaining ecological balance in its habitat, by limiting the growth of vegetation and spreading the seeds of plants it feeds on &  positive influence on the growth of numerous plant and animal species that share its habitat. 

• Scientific name : Macaca fascicularis
• Distribution : 
  naturally found in the jungles and forests of the Southern Hemisphere. the old world monkey (Asia and Africa) and the new world monkey (South America).
• Behaviour :  use non verbal communication to show emotion & have a variety of sounds like low chatter, clicking, and even high pitch yelling that can be heard for long distances.
• Contribution to ecosystem :  the largest arboreal frugivores in tropical forests and are able to spread thousands or even millions of seeds per year. 

• Scientific name :  Sus scrofa 
• Distribution :  native to Eurasia, North Africa, and the Greater Sunda Islands. 
• Behaviour :  The wild boar inhabits a diverse array of habitats from boreal taigas to deserts and 
  living in female-dominated sounders.
• Contribution to ecosystem : predators and seed dispersers, controlling the growth of wild plants,  
  modify the structure of the soil and help establishing pioneer plants &  
  important source of food for other bigger mammals, such as cougars and    jaguars.

ii) The issues/threat/problem occurred and human feel uncomfortable/not safe/annoyed about the animals :


ELEPHANT

 

MONKEY

Link: http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/bukit-panjangs-monkey-pest-caught

WILD BOAR

Link
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10530-012-0229-6.pdf

= In our point of view, They have destructive feeding habits, primarily rooting disturbance, can reduce plant cover, diversity and regeneration. Furthermore, predation and habitat destruction by boar can greatly affect animal communities. Effects of wild boar on fungi and aquatic communities are scarcely studied, and soil properties and processes seen more resistant to disturbance. 

• Build triple-strand electric fences, put chilli powder, tobacco and engine oil painted on ropes and lastly making noise or shooting firecrackers at the elephant with slingshots (hit or miss).
• Avoid destroying their habitat and planting plants close to where they are hovering.
  
  

• To drive away monkeys is the usage of some guns like pump pellet gun, BB gun and pea shooter. These can scare small monkeys away without making any permanent and painful wounds. There are also lots of non-lethal ammunition that can be used, such as rubber bullets and bean bag rounds which can be useful if the monkey is bigger than regular ones. A shotgun with rock salt ammunition is more humane rather than shooting and killing them.
• Use apescare device which to scare monkeys without hurting them in a humane way. This monkey repellent is designed to contain all features to stop any monkey attempts to trespass out property or used radio as the monkey will stay away or run away because they think that human present because of the sound produce from the radio.

• Nonlethal methods include installing fencing to exclude wild boar, using guard animals to protect livestock, and vaccinating animals to prevent disease spread.  Although in some situations nonlethal methods are appropriate and effective, in many cases they are not a good option, either because they do not work well or are too expensive.  

• Lethal methods are often the most practical and widely used. They include trapping, shooting, and hunting with dogs. Currently, there are no toxicants registered for use on wild boar in the United States, so poisoning is not an option.

• Muhammad Syahrulnizam Bin Asmee 125905
• Murni Binti Abdul Wahid 125906
• Siti Aishah Binti Mohd Ali 125941
• Zarith Soffy Binti Muhamed Zaini 125959
• Zulaikha Ilani Binti Roslan 125960 

• Isyriati Binti Ishak 125884
• Khairun Ainaa Binti Kamarudin 125886
• Ku Noor Khalidah Binti Ku Halim 127165
• Nur Ezziati Amira Binti Taufet Rosdi 127004
• Sharifah Shakinah Binti Syed Aziz 127007

• Form deep family bonds 
• Live in tight matriarchal family groups of related female called a herd. the herd is led by oldest and largest female. 
• Herd is consists 8 - 100 individuals depends on terrain and family size.

• Live in tropical and sub-tropical region of Africa and Asia.
• Mostly found in savannas, grassland, and forest. 
• Also live in deserts, swamps and mountains. 

• As tourism magnets, attracting funding that helps protects wilderness areas.
• They are also keystone species important in maintaining biodiversity ecosystem.
• Elephants create gaps in vegetation when they eat, allowing new plants to grow and create pathways for other smaller animals.
• In savannas, elephants feeding on tree sprouts and shrubs help the plains open and support plains that inhabit these ecosystem.

• Vocalization is the most common method of socialization for the monkey.
• The sounds are allow them to be able to create bonds, to take care of their young and to warn predator.
• Use non verbal communication to show emotion. For example, snuggling a baby to protect it.
• Adult and baby monkeys use facial expression to show their feelings.
• Social grooming improve family health and tighter bonds between them.

•  Occurs in Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia , Malaysia (including the peninsular as well as Sabah and Sarawak Borneo), the Philippines (western Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago), Singapore, southern Thailand (including offshore islands), and southern Vietnam

• Their diets consists of tropical fruit that leads to great seeds dispersal.
• They also are important food source because of their size especially for pumas, jaguar and ocelots.

• Live in small social groups referred to as 'sounders'
• Primarily nocturnal animals irrespective of sex, age, or season
• Have poor eyesight and can only recognise blue from the three primary colours
• Fecund and rereproduce vigorously
• Highly plastic diet, feeding opportunitically on many plants and animals. 

• Indigenous to Western Europe and Northern Africa, ranging eastwards across the Mediterranean basin through India and southeast Asia to Japan, Sri Lanka, Java, Taiwan, Korea and Malaya 

• By feeding on plants and vegetative parts, wild boars affect the abundance and richness of plants species.
• Affect human's economy as they cause crop damage and transmit disease to livestock and wildlife (Hepatitis E virus)
• Help in maintaining native components of species richness by creating habitat.  (Kotanen, 1995)
• Wild boar rooting can increase plant- defined microhabitat diversity. (Arrington, 1999)
• In neotrophics wild boar contributes to the preservation of native wildlife such as Tapir and Capybara. (Desbiez,2007)
• Wild boar as economic resources, for both recreational hunting and meat production. 

• Elephant-human conflict lead to habitat loss and fragmentation. When elephant and human interact, there is a conflict from crop raiding, injuries and death to human by elephant.

 

Link : http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/endangered_species/elephants/asian_elephants/areas/issues/elephant_human_conflict/

ii -  Monkey

• Disease transmission of monkeys to man. Usually they are physical situation where a frustrated monkey attacks people and these can be a cause to illness spread from monkey to a man. 

 

• Causes disturbance to plant communities.
• The rooting behaviour of the wild boar, can lead to reduction of up to 80-95% of the herbaceous and to the local extinction of individual plant species. 
• The loosening of the soil surface cause by rooting may lead to erosion on steep slopes. 

 

Link :
http://www.kora.ch/malme/05_library/5_1_publications/M/Massei_&_Genov_2004_The_environmental_impact_of_wild_boar.pdf

b) In ecological point of view, why are they doing that ?

i - Elephant

• Elephant and human are sharing the same habitat. There are also human activities such as construction that make the elephant feel threatened as their habitat are disturbed.

• Some of the diseases we currently know of that wild and captive-bred monkeys sometimes carry and that are a threat to human health. As the human made the monkey as their pets, the disease transmission is easier.

• The external features of wild boar (short limb, narrow head, long snout) making them forage through the rooting behaviour. In addition, the never stopped growing prominent tusks requires the boars to constantly sharpened them.

• A detailed study of diet in combination with seasonal patterns of habitat use could provide key information such as target species and susceptible habitats on which management efforts should focus. 
• Control the size of wild boar population by balancing the population of the predators. (prey- predators relationship)
• Conduct Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedures before develop a targeted areas. For example: survey and examine the presence of the animal community and relocate them to proper place where they can survive.

• Herbivores
• Often use their long trunk to assist them in gathering food
• Follows strict migration routes that are determined by the monsoon season
• Travel in cohesive herds that consist of about 8-12 individuals especially female adults and their offspring headed by the matriarch (dominant female)

• Restricted mostly to the lowlands in the dry zone where they are still fairly widespread in north, south, east, north-western, north-central and south-eastern Sri Lanka.

• As seed dispersers, elephants disperse seeds by eating them, transporting them, and then spreading them through their dung. 
• As water providers, elephants travel miles in search of water and they will remember underground spots for water in which they will dig wells. This water is then opened up for other animals, enabling them to drink.
• As habitat modifiers, they alter and modify habitats by pushing over trees, stripping bark from trees and generally stomping around being elephants. They open up dense woodlands by creating forest gaps.
  
  

• Arboreal animal
• Sedentary which is spending most of its time sitting 
• Feed on plant and supplemented with a variety of different species including snails, frogs, crustaceans and small birds 
• Usually lives in group of 35-50 individuals (several males and majority are female)
• Mutual grooming is important social activity 
• Agonistic behavior especially when it comes to access for food or resting site 

• Long-tailed macaques are widespread throughout the islands of Southeast Asia into mainland Asia. 
• They are found in the Philippines, in mainland Malaysia and on Borneo, in Indonesia on Sumatra, Java, Timor, and the Lesser Sunda Islands, in Burma, in India on the Nicobar Islands, and in Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and Thailand (Fittinghoff & Lindburg 1980; Groves 2001). 
• Longtail macaques are also found on Angaur Island, Palau where they were introduced in the 1900s. 
• Can be found in peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak, especially in lowland areas and along the coasts
• Nowadays, can be found in urban areas 

• To the extent that these animals are prey for other species, they may affect populations of those species. 
• Macaca fascicularis may be an important predator in its ecosystem, and may have some impact on prey species.

• Habitat generalist
• Highly adapted
• Can tolerate a wide range of climates
• Can live as far away as a day's walk from water

• Occur in pure wild
• Domesticates in several parts including Southest Asia and Asia Minor
• Native to many country such as Afghanistan and Thailand (many more)
• Had been reintroduced to Sweden, UK

• As predators and seed dispersers
• Controlling the growth of wild plant
• Modify the structure of soil 
• Help establishing pioneer plants

• 'What happens when vulnerable species are also pests? By James Stevens'- The farmer had been having trouble with elephants this harvesting season because of the large numbers of old elephant spoor (footprints) throughout the field. Elephants are killed to protect the crops.

• Elephants destroy crops because they loss of habitats
• Competition between man and elephants over water and vegetation
• Disruption of traditional migration routes of elephants
• Establishment of agricultural land in elephant territory
• High nutritional value of cultivated crops as opposed wild plants

• 'Massive Malaysia monkey cull spurs concerns'- Many Malaysians were shocked to discover that the country's wildlife department viewed the long-tailed macaque as a pest and killed 97,119 last year across the country. Monkeys cause many troubles to humans because they raid garbage, raid the fruits clean off the fruit trees and even attack students.

• Because of poor waste management, there are increase in food sources for monkeys. 
• In addition, monkeys are prolific and able to reproduce very fast.

• 'USA's ravenous $1.5B problem: 5 million wild pigs'- Wild pigs have been spreading across America like crazy to the tune of 5 million of the porkers in 39 states. The damages caused by wild pigs cost some $1.5 billion per year to control them. The wild pigs cause troubles for eating crops, ruin fields by digging, threaten local species, and contaminate streams with their feces. 

• 'Pigs still cannot fly: Wild boar intruder at Hong Kong International Airport subdued by police'- A wild boar that wandered into Hong Kong International Airport was subdued by four airport policemen armed with shields.They were afraid the boar would affect flight movements.

• https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/10/26/wild-pigs-newser/17958393/
• http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/pigs-still-cannot-fly-wild-boar-intruder-at-hong-kong-international-airport-subdued

• Since the distribution of wild pig become increase and their habitat has been destroyed for development purposes, they have no places to live and that is why the came out from their own places and wanted to live with us.

• Prevent deforestation problem which can lead to habitat loss causing elephant to move to human resident area
• Using beehive fences to keep elephants out of their fields and avoid killing problem animals

• Monkey sterilisation (for troublesome groups)
• Control waste management strictly

• Instead of kill them by poisoning or shoot them, we control their reproduction. Since they have higher reproductive potential
• Do not simply destroyed any habitats of wild animals without knowing the effects to the human being.

• NUR AFIEQAH BT MOHAMMAD (125915)
• NUR ASNIDA BT A RAZAK (125919)
• NUR AFIFAH BT SHARUDIN (127196)
• TUAN AINUL ASYIKIN BT TUAN AZLAN (125954)

2.3 Sunda Bearded Pig
Issue : Wild pigs entering household area.

Ecological Reason : Searching for food.

3) Two solution for each case.
3.1 Elephant Invasion

• Capture and relocate the elephants (Not recommended as high level of stress during relocation might kill the elephants)
• Understand the routes of the elephants, provide animal crossing where need or move away from the region.

• Scare-crow method using life-like tiger soft toy.
• Making sure windows are secured with grills and rubbish are disposed accordingly so the macaques wont view the location as food source.

• Stronger fences to prevent force entry of wild pigs
• Motion-activated flood light around the house to scare away the wild pigs when they come close.

• Low Tek Joo 125897
• Zou Bei 123082
• Low Li Huie 126148
• Teo Shi Huey 126202

• Browsers and grazers
• Tend to stay near water sources
• Seasonal migration for food ,water ,minerals and mates
• diurnal

• Tend to group up
• Have alpha leader
• diurnal

• Males use their tusks for the fights during the mating season
• Wild boars are nocturnal animals (active during the night). They will spend 12h in sleep during the day, hidden in the nests made of leaves

• Working animal
• As cultural depictions

• Pollinators

• As a game animal or a food source
  
  
  

1. To prevent wild animals from destroying crops especially elephants, LED lights are used at farms to simulate human activity. Elephants tend to avoid places with flashing lights as they tend to avoid people.
2. Secure home to prevent access to food from monkeys. Having a dog or electronic sound repellent to deter monkeys from house compound.