Citizenship and what it brought with it was not the same for men and women however, and their were certain expectations that arose out of the place of women and men in society, how they could contribute to the new nation, and what they could expect from it.

Australia as a nation came with new hopes around creating better lives for it's citizens through government measures to ensure that employers and workers, mothers and children, as well as the vulnerable old and invalid were supported - this resulted in an Australia far ahead of the rest of the world in terms of social reform and public works.

Determining these benefits and responsibilities that would stem from the government resulted in much debate, compromise, and outright opposition.

• What preceding events/hopes defined the need for industrial harmony and working conditions free from the ills of the old world? 

• What benefits and responsibilities did the bill confer upon:

• What is meant by Section 51 of the constitution and the notion of conciliation and arbitration on the part of the government? 
• What social programs/effects emerged as a result of this bill and how did it contribute to the idea of Australia as a social laboratory?
• Describe the conservative opposition to the Bill.

- those supporting protectionism and Australian industries.

-the White Australia Policy?

-establishing a fair and reasonable wage

• Explain Deakin's 1905 concept of New Protection and what benefits/responsibilities it conferred upon workers?

Describe the significance of the Harvester Judgment in relation to:

1. Justice Higgins first implementation of the Conciliation and Arbitration Court
2. Linking tariffs to the working man's wages - deciding what a fair and reasonable wage was and what conditions were needed to support workers.
3. The needs of male workers.
4. The needs of female workers.
   

Include a summary of Bob Hawke's views (former Prime Minister of Australia.

Your Research

Note all historiography and attempt to discover information you think the textbook is missing.

Discover and link a primary source - attempt a source analysis:
Identification
Attribution
Perspective Judgment
Reliability Assessment
What does this source make you wonder about - what questions does it raise in your minds that you would like to discover more about?

After Federation the concept of "New Education" was introducedL:

Describe the new responsibilities of school in Australia for creating good citizens, national defenders, skilled workers, and a sense of national identity.

What benefits were schools to confer upon Australia's citizens/who was excluded from those benefits?

Your Research:
Note historiography related to the bill - note any information the textbook may be missing by researching on your own.
Discover and link a primary source - attempt a source analysis:
Identification
Attribution
Perspective Judgment
Reliability Assessment
What does this source make you wonder about - what questions does it raise in your minds that you would like to discover more about?

Explain, in your own words, the reason why, according to Attorney General Groom, the government introduced the old age pension.

Why was it important that is was defined as a right and not a charity? Who was excluded?

Your Research:
Note historiography related to the bill - note any information the textbook may be missing by researching on your own.
Discover and link a primary source - attempt a source analysis:
Identification
Attribution
Perspective Judgment
Reliability Assessment
What does this source make you wonder about - what questions does it raise in your minds that you would like to discover more about?

• Motherhood

• The White Australia Policy

• Defence

• Economic needs

Describe the Royal Commission of 1903's reasons for the declining birthrate and their justifications for the need to people the vast continent.

Describe the benefits given to women in 1912 through the Maternity Allowance Act - what other social institutions did this act give rise to?

What was the most controversial aspect of this legislation - who opposed it?

Who was excluded?

Your Research:
Note historiography related to the bill - note any information the textbook may be missing by researching on your own.
Discover and link a primary source - attempt a source analysis:
Identification
Attribution
Perspective Judgment
Reliability Assessment
What does this source make you wonder about - what questions does it raise in your minds that you would like to discover more about?

Who supported conscription and what arguments did they provide?

Who opposed conscription and what arguments did they provide - reference sources/social groups or movements?

What benefits and responsibilities arose out of the 1909 amendment for male soldier-citizens?

Describe the state of Australia's military forces by 1913.

Your Research:
Note historiography related to the bill - note any information the textbook may be missing by researching on your own.
Discover and link a primary source - attempt a source analysis:
Identification
Attribution
Perspective Judgment
Reliability Assessment
What does this source make you wonder about - what questions does it raise in your minds that you would like to discover more about?

Q2. support from both political parties to the amendments made in 1909, it introduced a national system of compulsory military training, this had men between the ages of 12 and 26 to spend between 64 and 90 hours a year. 12 to 18 year olds were trained in cadet units and 18 - 20 compulsory citizen force training, and 20 to 26 year olds had compulsory reserve force training, which trained only during wartime .

Q3. Morris Blackburn opposed conscription; H.B. Higgins saw it as militarism; Peace Society of NSW opposed the bill as they argued it would be interpreted as hostile by other nations and therefore encourage retaliation; Rose Scott (feminist) objected the compulsory causes on grounds of conscience and argued conscientious objectors ought not be compelled to attend training; Australian Freedom League (formed by Quakers) campaigned against compulsory military training as they argued it threatened civil rights and religious liberties and didn't have the consent of the people (young people should receive a positive education of peace and brotherhood, not war and violence); socialists and Labor supporters complained it promoted militarist attitudes and discriminated against working class boys.

Q4. The commonwealth was able to call up for service all males between 18 and 60, some exemptions were allowed. The Act did not allow Aborigines or anyone not of substantial European decent in the army. Yet more than 400 Aboriginals were accepted several years later to fight in the first world war.

Q5. By 1903 the Australian army was divided in two parts. The defence Act states that the Australian government could conscript men to fight in the army but because a majority of Australians believed men should not be forced to fight overseas the Defence Act 1903 enabled the government to conscript men but only to fight in defence of the Australian mainland. The other half of the army was the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) which was an armed force of men who had enlisted as volunteers and could fight freely overseas. By 1914 the commonwealth military forces consisted of nearly 300 regular soldiers and 43000 militia and volunteers.

It is the duty of all teachers employed in State schools to foster in the minds of their pupils the sentiment of love of country, respect for its law and loyalty to its sovereign. Opportunities should be taken from time to time, impress upon the children that they are to be citizens not merely of Australian but of a great Empire - Article 571 of the Regulations and Instructions, 1905 of the Victorian Department of Education

(Just some more insight into what schools were like) "Compulsory attendance laws for children, generally for those between 6 and 13 years, were at last in place, but they were not strictly enforced and, as well, remained out of reach of the most isolated communities and were inapplicable to Indigenous peoples. Schools were open at least 220 days a year, which was regarded as a progressively high for a non-industrial society", "Nearly two-thirds of all school teachers were women or girls; it had been a higher figure, but married women and many female pupil teachers in the public school system had been systematically retrenched as part of the economy measures in the 1890s. Most schoolteachers had never been trained at a teachers' college..." "The formation of the new nation, occurring as it did during an economic crisis, invoked a widespread questioning of the status and functions of all public institutions. Education was a part of this restlessness..." -Professor Gerald Burke (link to website, this website really paints a vivid picture of school in Australia)

Schools prepared students for the responsibilities of public life and patriotic duty. Schools also taught the gendered nature of citizenship. Boys were trained to defend the nation, whilst girls were taught skills such as cooking, dressmaking and laundry work

Aboriginal people were excluded from the new education system.

Deakin 1905: He introduced 'new protection' which meant that workers would share the benefits of protection with their employers. the government would give tariff protection to employers who payed their workers with a fair and reasonable wage.

Harvester judgment: Established the principle of the basic wage. Its importance lay with Justice Higgins's ruling that a fair or basic wage should be based on the need: the family (men's wages are seen as a family wage) and not on profits or the market value of labour. The rationale that Higgins' used in the deciding of the harvester judgment was employed by him in making future awards in the settlement of industrial disputes. Women needed it but were not given it because it was a ' gendered settlement' as put by the authors of Creating A Nation.

The hopes and fears that made this act come about was the fact that Asian countries had the intention of invading, and this was also to overtake Australian industry, hence, this act was implemented to protect Australian manufacturing from cheaper, outside labour, that could be damaging to the Australian industry.

Mark Peel: "the idae that australia should safeguard its citizens was a cenral theme in the 'new protection' pronmoted by linberal politictians such as alfred deakin and activist H.B. Higgins. its genius was to link tariffs to the working wage"

Deakin:

-The shearer’s and mariners strikes of the 1890’s.

-The depression, prompted fears of a corporate society and a hope that things would change economically -Hope, that as well as protecting the new nation from external attack, the new federal government also had a responsibility to protect its workers from rampant capitalism and the boars -Hope and remembrance of return to the economic prosperity to the gold rush. Hope for legislation that would allow prosperity for the worker. -There is an argument that there was a fear of the rise in power of the labour movement, and that this act in fact limited its growth

 http://www.archives.qld.gov.au/Researchers/Exhibitions/QldFirsts/PublishingImages/19C_JOL_2024_pop.jpg

-The shearers strike of 1891,

A GREAT SOURCE SUMMARISING RELEVANT EVENTS OF THE 1890s

http://www.anu.edu.au/polsci/marx/interventions/nineties.htm

Deakin, on first proposing the bill-

“Such legislation multiplies the opportunities of the masses for obtaining those reasonable concessions which hitherto too often required to be wrung from reluctant hands under the pressure of storm, and stress and devastation. On the other hand, it enables employers to settle many minor difficulties which might become magnified into great causes of disturbance and dispute”

HISTORIOGRAPHY

“There are two conflicting interpretations of arbitration: that it was designed to weaken the full realisation of working class power before it became too strong or that it was a great effort to engineer a system of social and economic fairness”-Paul Kelly

Mark Peel writes “The idea that Australia should safeguard its citizens was a central theme in the ‘new protection’ promoted by liberal politicians such as Alfred Deakin and activist judges like H.B. Higgins. Its genius was to link tariffs to the working mans wage”

26 pounds for people over aged 65 or over or if a person was permanently incapacitated for work at 60 years of age

Explain, in your own words, the reason why, according to Attorney General Groom, the government introduced the old age pension:

It was representative of Australia as a modern society because it highlights a connection  between the state and the wellbeing of the community

Why was it important that is was defined as a right and not a charity?

“ In our modern civilisation, States are beginning to realise the sense of deep national responsibility to every single unit in this community, and to feel that, if any single person in the great industrial army meets with any disaster in the course of his work, a duty is owing to him”  - Rod Kemp

Who was excluded?

“Aliens” – extra-terrestrial beings (just kidding it means foreigners)

“Naturalised subjects of the King who have not been naturalised for the period of three years next proceeding the date of their pension claims” – People who have not been accepted to be subjects of the King

"Asiatics except those born in Australia”

“Aboriginal natives of Australia, Africa, Pacific Islands and New Zealand”

"People under the age of 65 or under 60 if they were permanently incapacitated”

“People over a certain income level”

“Bad charactered people”

Historiography:

George Reid, leader of the Opposition, was critical that the bill did not cover Aborigines and Asians, arguing it should be paid to all decent persons no matter what colour

Cartoons: