1️⃣ Risk Assessment (RA)

   • characterization of adverse health effects due to human exposure to hazardous agents 

   • 4 steps:

     1️⃣ Hazard Identification

     2️⃣ Exposure Assessment

     3️⃣ Dose-response Assessment

     4️⃣ Risk Characterization

2️⃣ Risk Management (RM)

       • weighing alternatives policy/regulatory action based on the RA result, social, economic and political actions

       • 3 approaches:

          1️⃣ Engineering

                 - emission reduction

                 - process controls

          2️⃣ Social and behavioral

                 - worker training

                 - risk communication and risk reduction 

          3️⃣ Regulatory 

                 - emission limits

                 - mandated processes

3️⃣ Risk Communication (RC)

       - process of making RA and RM informations comprehensible to lawyers, politicians, judges, environmentalists, community groups (public)