Concussion by Gexuan (Chris) Liu https://padlet.com/gliu38/iwba7xvcili0indo en-us 2023-04-05 20:16:55 UTC 2023-04-06 14:43:31 UTC hello@padlet.com What causes concussions gliu38 https://padlet.com/gliu38/iwba7xvcili0indo/wish/2545425486 A jolt, bump, or blow to the head that causes the head to rapidly move back and forth. This movement could stretch the cells and nerves in the brain. These impacts could come from falls, a hit against an obstacle, etc. ]]> 2023-04-05 20:17:53 UTC https://padlet.com/gliu38/iwba7xvcili0indo/wish/2545425486 Concussion and Sports gliu38 https://padlet.com/gliu38/iwba7xvcili0indo/wish/2545443209 Concussions among athletes are extremely common. Sports like football, soccer, and boxing could bring trauma to the brain. Each year in the U.S., about 3.8 million concussions occur from sports-related injuries. Concussions among athletes are often unreported or untreated, which could cause chronic brain injuries like CTE. ]]> 2023-04-05 20:43:00 UTC https://padlet.com/gliu38/iwba7xvcili0indo/wish/2545443209 Neuroanatomy of concussions gliu38 https://padlet.com/gliu38/iwba7xvcili0indo/wish/2545446367 Concussion causes the brain to bounce around in the skull. This movement could stretch the cells and nerves in the brain. As a result, the communication between neurons is damaged. Moreover, a concussion could also lead to axonal injury, which would also disturb connections between neurons. The part of the brain that received the impact could also bruise or even bleed. ]]> 2023-04-05 20:47:52 UTC https://padlet.com/gliu38/iwba7xvcili0indo/wish/2545446367 gliu38 https://padlet.com/gliu38/iwba7xvcili0indo/wish/2545448733 2023-04-05 20:51:23 UTC https://padlet.com/gliu38/iwba7xvcili0indo/wish/2545448733 Symptoms gliu38 https://padlet.com/gliu38/iwba7xvcili0indo/wish/2545449250 Physical: headaches, sensitivity to bright light or loud noises, nausea, balance problems, fuzzy or blurry vision, feeling lethargic
Emotional: mood and behavioral changes, irritability, sadness or nervousness, and the onset of depression or anxiety. Developmental: memory difficulties (ie: having difficulties recalling recent events), could even develop dementia, sleep disturbances (sleeping more or less than normal), difficulty concentrating ]]> 2023-04-05 20:52:14 UTC https://padlet.com/gliu38/iwba7xvcili0indo/wish/2545449250 Types of Concussions gliu38 https://padlet.com/gliu38/iwba7xvcili0indo/wish/2545454974 6 types of concussions –– categorised by the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center 
1. Vestibular: affects balance and cognitive abilities 
2. Ocular-Motor: affects the coordination of eye movements 
3. Cognitive: affects concentration, learning abilities and memory
4. Post-traumatic Migraine: causes headache, nausea, sensitivity to light and noise 
5. Cervical: causes back and neck pain 
6. Anxiety / Mood: causes anxiety and irritability ]]> 2023-04-05 21:01:35 UTC https://padlet.com/gliu38/iwba7xvcili0indo/wish/2545454974 Tests gliu38 https://padlet.com/gliu38/iwba7xvcili0indo/wish/2545466237 1. Standardized Assessment of Concussion (SAC) test: it assesses the patient's mental status like orientation, ability to tell time, and short-term memory
2. Balance Error Scoring System (BESS): it tests the patient's balance. The patient is required to hold 3 stances with their eyes closed for 20 seconds. 
3. CT scans 

Ways to detect CTE 
  • PET scans 
  • Fluid based biomarkers 
]]> 2023-04-05 21:22:50 UTC https://padlet.com/gliu38/iwba7xvcili0indo/wish/2545466237 Treatments gliu38 https://padlet.com/gliu38/iwba7xvcili0indo/wish/2545468421 Physical and mental rest: limit activities that involve thinking and mental concentration; lay in a dark room with minimal stimuli
Therapies include: rehab for vision, balance problems, or cognitive abilities
Pain relief: pain relievers like acetaminophen could reduce the symptoms, but avoid medications like ibuprofen and aspirin because they can increase the risk of bleeding. ]]> 2023-04-05 21:27:28 UTC https://padlet.com/gliu38/iwba7xvcili0indo/wish/2545468421 Prognosis gliu38 https://padlet.com/gliu38/iwba7xvcili0indo/wish/2545477188 Concussion patients must have sufficient rest for the brain to recover. They should only resume normal activities if the symptoms are reduced. Generally, 85-90% of patients with concussions recover in 30 days from the time of injury. 

Current Research on Concussion Treatments 
Neurostimulation is a potential treatment of concussions. For example, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that uses magnetic fields to stimulate and improve nerve cells. This treatment is also used in treating patients with depression.

]]> 2023-04-05 21:44:55 UTC https://padlet.com/gliu38/iwba7xvcili0indo/wish/2545477188 Helpful Resources gliu38 https://padlet.com/gliu38/iwba7xvcili0indo/wish/2545479994 https://www.cdc.gov/headsup/pdfs/providers/facts_about_concussion_tbi-a.pdf

https://concussionfoundation.org/CTE-resources/science-of-CTE

https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/brain-neurological-conditions/concussion-athletes-neurosport]]> 2023-04-05 21:50:15 UTC https://padlet.com/gliu38/iwba7xvcili0indo/wish/2545479994 Work Cited gliu38 https://padlet.com/gliu38/iwba7xvcili0indo/wish/2545482696 “Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.” CDC. Accessed March 29, 2023. 
https://www.cdc.gov/headsup/pdfs/providers/facts_about_concussion_tbi-a.pdf.

“Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy.” NHS. Accessed March 29, 2023. 
https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chronic-traumatic-encephalopathy/#:~:text=Chronic%20traumatic%20encephalopathy%20(CTE)%20is,support%20can%20manage%20the%20symptoms

“Concussion.” Mayo Clinic. Last modified February 17, 2022. Accessed March 29, 2023. 
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/concussion/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355600

“Prognosis.” BrainLine. Last modified June 9, 2017. Accessed March 29, 2023. 
https://www.brainline.org/identifying-and-treating-concussionmtbi-service-members-and-veterans/prognosis#:~:text=The%20overall%20prognosis%20for%20patients%20with%20concussions%20is%20good.&text=Generally%2085%2D90%25%20of%20individuals,and%20symptoms%20of%20concussion%2FmTBI

“The Science of CTE.” Concussion Legacy Foundation. Accessed March 29, 2023. 
https://concussionfoundation.org/CTE-resources/science-of-CTE

“Concussion in Athletes.” Concussion in Athletes. Michigan Medicine. Accessed April 5, 2023. https://www.uofmhealth.org/conditions-treatments/brain-neurological-conditions/concussion-athletes-neurosport. 
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