Biology Final Study Guide by CALVIN GLENN

The Calvin Cycle

calvinglenn001 — 2016-12-05 21:23:25 UTC

The Calvin cycle refers to the light-independent reactions in photosynthesis that take place in three key steps. Although the Calvin Cycle is not directly dependent on light, it is indirectly dependent on light since the necessary energy carriers (ATP and NADPH) are products of light-dependent reactions.

Photosynthesis

calvinglenn001 — 2016-12-13 21:03:16 UTC

Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation).

The reactants of photosynthesis are water, light and carbon dioxide, while the products are oxygen and sugars. Cellular respiration occurs in direct synchronicity with this process, using the products of photosynthesis as its reactants and producing its reactants.

Chemical formula
6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Chloroplasts work to convert light energy of the Sun into sugars that can be used by cells

Light-dependent reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membrane, use lightenergy to make ATP and NADPH.

The Calvin cycle refers to the light-independent reactions in photosynthesis that take place in three key steps. Although the Calvin Cycle is not directly dependent on light, it is indirectly dependent on light since the necessary energy carriers (ATP and NADPH) are products of light-dependent reactions.

Conversion of light energy to chemical energy. Light energy is converted to chemical energy when a photochemically excited special chlorophyll molecule of the photosynthetic reaction center loses an electron, undergoing an oxidation reaction.

calvinglenn001 — 2016-12-13 21:34:16 UTC

Laws

calvinglenn001 — 2016-12-14 02:15:41 UTC

The law of conservation of mass or principle of mass conservation states that for any system closed to all transfers of matter and energy, the mass of the system must remain constant over time, as system mass cannot change quantity if it is not added or removed. Hence, the quantity of mass is "conserved" over time.

In physics, the law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant—it is said to be conserved over time. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it transforms from one form to another.

It implies that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but can be change from one form to another. The law of conservation of mass states that the total amount of mass remains constant in an isolated system in spite of any physical or chemical changes that may take place.

E=mc. Einstein's famous equation from 1905 E=mc2 demonstrates that energy (E) is equivalent with matter (mass m). ... In fact, energy can be transformed into massive particles, and mass can be transformed into energy. Energy in all its different appearances is a key concept in physics.

Carbon Cycle

calvinglenn001 — 2016-12-14 02:20:52 UTC

Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.

The products of cellular respiration (Carbon Dioxide) which plants need to do photosynthesis which makes oxygen that people need to live.

Global Warming Potential (100-year): 1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the primary greenhouse gas emitted through human activities. In 2014, CO2 accounted for about 80.9% of all U.S. greenhouse gas emissions from human activities.

Food web energy pyramid

calvinglenn001 — 2016-12-14 02:30:32 UTC

An autotroph or producer, is an organism that produces complex organic compounds from simple substances present in its surroundings, generally using energy from light or inorganic chemical reactions.

A heterotroph is an organism that cannot fix carbon from inorganic sources but uses organic carbon for growth

Herbivore only eats plants

Omnivore eats both.

Carnivore eats meat.

Decomposers are organisms, especially a soil bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate, that decomposes organic material.

10% of energy is transferred at each level

Biomolecules

calvinglenn001 — 2016-12-14 02:38:26 UTC

Proteins: Meats

Carbs: breads and starches

Lipids: fats, waxes, oil, steroids

Nucleic acids, which include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), are made from monomers known as nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA.

The primary structure of a protein refers to the linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. The primary structure is held together by covalent bonds such as peptide bonds, which are made during the process of protein biosynthesis.

The lipids that make up our cell membranes are phospholipids, and they're awfully similar to soap. They consist of glycerol attached to a phosphate group and to two fatty acids, or carboxylic acids.

Carbohydrates (also called saccharides) are molecular compounds made from just three elements: carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Monosaccharides (e.g. glucose) and disaccharides (e.g. sucrose) are relatively small molecules. They are often called sugars.

In DNA double helix, the two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds. The nucleotides on one strand base pairs with the nucleotide on the other strand. The secondary structure is responsible for the shape that the nucleic acid assumes. The bases in the DNA are classified as Purines and Pyrimidines.

How are photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration related to one another in the biosphere?

calvinglenn001 — 2016-12-14 02:52:11 UTC

Photosynthesis makes the glucose that is used in cellular respiration to make ATP. The glucose is then turned back into carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis. While water is broken down to form oxygen during photosynthesis, in cellular respiration oxygen is combined with hydrogen to form water.

What role does photosynthesis play in altering Earth's atmosphere?

calvinglenn001 — 2016-12-14 02:53:26 UTC

It puts oxygen into it.

If cells can produce chemical energy in an anaerobic environment, why do we need oxygen?

calvinglenn001 — 2016-12-14 02:54:16 UTC

Because we are heterotrophs

How is energy transformed and matter utilized by living things?

calvinglenn001 — 2016-12-14 02:56:15 UTC

Matter is never completely destroyed it is always reused.

What role do photosynthesis and cellular respiration play in the recycling of carbon?

calvinglenn001 — 2016-12-14 03:02:45 UTC

While photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and releases oxygen, cellular respiration requires oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. It is the released oxygen that is used by us and most other organisms for cellular respiration. ... The carbon cycle is the pathways through which carbon is recycled in the biosphere.

calvinglenn001 — 2016-12-19 20:59:41 UTC

product of photosynthesis is c6 h12 O6 or glucose. Glucose is a monosacharide.

in the thylakoid of the chloroplast is where the light dependent reaction is taking place

calvinglenn001 — 2016-12-19 21:05:11 UTC

the calvin cycle takes place in the stroma.

calvinglenn001 — 2016-12-19 21:07:57 UTC