Government Type: Communist party-led (authoritarian)

Political cleavages: ethnic and geographic cleavages (Tibet and Uighur Muslims, urban vs. rural cleavages )

Executive:

-Chief of State President XI Jinping

-Head: Premier LI Qiang

-Cabinet: State Council appointed by National People's Congress

-ultimate authority rests within the Communist Party Central Committee's 25-member Political Bureau

Legislative: National People's Congress (NPC)

-Unicameral

-Powers: enact and amend basic criminal and civil laws

Judicial: Supreme People's Court

-no power beyond what is granted by the NPC; hears appeals of high people's courts, and hears trials about matters of national importance

GDP/GDP per capita:

-31.227 trillion (2023)

-22,100 per capita (2023)

Last War: The Sino-Vietnamese War (1979)

Last/Current Major Crisis: Earlier one-child policy has led to the labor force declining, leading to over-indebted property tax

Government Type: Theocracy (more democratic)

Political Cleavages:

-90% Shia Muslim, 51% Persian

-reformers vs Conservatives

-Pragmatic Conservative vs Radical Conservative

-Women's equality

Executive:

-Chief of State: Supreme Leader Ali Hoseini-KHAMENEI

-Head: President Masoud PEZESHKIAN

-Cabinet: Council of Ministers selected by President w/ Legislative Approval

-administers national planning and budgeting, state employment affairs, signs treaties with foreign countries

Legislative: Islamic Consultative Assembly

-Unicameral

-holds authority to legislate laws on all matters within the bounds of the Constitution (prohibited from enacting laws contradicting official religion principles)

Judicial: Kakh-e Dadgostari

-independent power

-supervise proper enforcement of laws, uncover crimes, prosecute, punish, chastises crimes

GDP/GDP per capita:

-1.44 trillion (2023)

-16200 (per capita)

-petroleum, gas, petrochemicals

Last War: Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988)

Last/Current Crisis: Escalated tensions over Iran's nuclear program and actioons against Middle East

Government Type: Federal Presidential Republic (democratic)

Political Cleavages: Military is the only national institution

-250-400 different ethnicities

-Half are Muslim (North), 40% Christian (South), 10% other religions

-disputes over Sharia in policy making

-divisions between elites and rural/urban

Executive:

-Chief of State: President Bola Ahmed Adekunle TINUBU

-Head: President Bola Ahmed TINUBU

-Cabinet: Federal Executive Council

-head of both State and government (heads the Cabinet)

-patron-clientism

Legislative: National Assembly

-bicameral

-establish committees of its members to scrutinize bills and the conduct of government officials

Judiciary: Supreme Court (consists of Chief justices and 15 justices)

-original jurisdiction in any dispute between Federation and a state or between states and also appellate jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals from the Court of appeals

GDP/GDP per capita:

-1.275 trillion (2023)

-5700 per capita (2023)

-crude oil, coal, tin

Last War: Nigerian Civil War (07/06/1967-01/15/1970)

Last/current Major Crisis: Security Challenges; "resilient Boko Haram Islamist insurgency in the north east, long-running discontent and militancy in the Niger Delta, increasing violence between herders and farming communities spreading from the central belt southward, and separatist Biafra agitation in the Igbo south east."

Government Type: Constitutional Republic (authoritarian)

Political Cleavages:

-eastern orthodox vs atheist

-Russians and Slavophile vs Westernizers

Executive Branch: led by President Vladimir Putin

-head: Premier Mikhail Vladimirovich

Legislative Branch:

-bicameral

-Federal assembly consisting of Federal Council and the State Durma

Judicial Branch: represented by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation (120 members of judicial panel)

GDP/GDP per capita:

-5.81 trillion (2023)

-39800 per capita (2023)

-range of mining, extractive industries, and production of coal

-War: active war on Ukraine

-Recent Crisis: constant political unrest, fueled by the recent attacks on Ukraine

-Government Type: Constitutional Monarchy (democratic)

-Political Cleavage: social and economic classes

Executive Branch: led by King Charles III, along with Prime Minister Keir Staarmer

Legislative Branch: Parliament

-bicameral

-House of Lord and House of Commons

Judicial: Supreme Court (composed of 12 justices)

GDP/GDP per capita:

-3.7 trillion (2023)

-54100 per capita (2023)

-machine tools, electric power equipment, automation equipment

War: Afghanistan War

Conflict: 2023 recession

Government Type: Civil Law system with US Constitutional Law Influence

Political Cleavages:

-cultural background of citizens who encompass Mexico

-60% Mexican, 30% indigenous

Executive Branch:

-head: Chief of State, President Andres Manuel

Legislature:

-bicameral

-National Congress (divided into 2 houses: Senate and Chamber of Deputies)

Judicial Branch: Supreme Court

GDP/GDP per capita:

-2.873 trillion (2023)

-22400 per capita (2023)

-food and beverages

-tobacco

-chemicals

War: War on Drugs (ongoing)

Crisis: drug violence