SP3275: Post-Presentation Resources ๐Ÿฎ by Alpha Ho https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9 Here are some reflection questions and resources for you. Thank you for listening to my presentation. Love, Alpha en-us 2022-10-23 12:54:11 UTC 2025-11-04 18:27:34 UTC hello@padlet.com https://padlet.net/icons/png/1f969.png Reflection Question (Consumer Acceptance) ๐Ÿค”๐Ÿ’ญ alphaho21 https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2352356378 The cost of cell-cultured meat have been steadily reduced over the years. However, it is still more expensive than the standard meat you find in the restaurant or the supermarket. ๐Ÿ’ธ๐Ÿ’ธ๐Ÿ˜ฑ๐Ÿ˜ญ

Will you still buy this everyday? Is this within your budget? Why or why not? ]]> 2022-10-23 15:15:15 UTC https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2352356378 Cell-cultured meat is not limited to beef ๐Ÿฎ alphaho21 https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2353528948 In my presentation, I have discussed about cell-cultured meat in the context of beef ๐Ÿฅฉ๐Ÿฎ - but it is not just limited to beef. Other meats such as chicken ๐Ÿ”๐Ÿ—, fish ๐ŸŸ and pork ๐Ÿ– can also be cultivated using cell-cultured meats ๐Ÿ”ฌ.

Fish  in particular, require less bioreactor temperatures (between 25 - 35 oC) which is less than land animals that require at least 37 oC for growth, this is because fish are cold-blooded animals. ๐ŸŸ๐Ÿฅถ

Reference:
From Culture Plate to Dinner Plate โ€“ The Lingering โ€œPromiseโ€ of Lab-Based Meat. (n.d.). Applied Sciences from Technology Networks. Retrieve from http://www.technologynetworks.com/applied-sciences/articles/from-culture-plate-to-dinner-plate-the-lingering-promise-of-lab-based-meat-365332 (accessed 24 October 2022)

]]> 2022-10-24 12:54:38 UTC https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2353528948 Why is there a need for alternative proteins? ๐Ÿฝ๏ธ๐ŸŒ. Stay tuned for etymology (insect eating) by Yi Zhang! alphaho21 https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2353546008 This was mentioned in the introduction of my presentation.

According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), global meat demand is projected to double by 2050 due to the increased meat consumption ๐Ÿฅฉ๐Ÿ– - but meat production is already reaching near its maximum capacity! ๐Ÿ˜ฑ

According to Professor Mark Post (the guy who invented the first lab-grown burger), beef has a poor bioconversion rate ๐Ÿ’ข- as you need 100 g of vegetable protein ๐Ÿซ‘ to make 15 g of beef ๐Ÿ”. The solution is to increase the efficiency rate while making practices sustainable.

How? ๐Ÿค”
We need to source for alternative protein sources such as insects ๐Ÿ•ท๏ธ (covered by Yi Zhang), plants ๐ŸŒฟ and cell-cultured meat ๐Ÿงซ. Do note that they will never satisfy or fully replace meat obtained by rearing livestock ๐Ÿฎ๐Ÿ˜’- but they are a step to meet the increasing demand for meat while making it sustainable ๐ŸŒโฃ๏ธ.

Reference:
Eco-Business. (n.d.). Cultured meat? This could create more problems than it solves. Eco-Business. Retrieve from https://www.eco-business.com/opinion/cultured-meat-this-could-create-more-problems-than-it-solves/ (accessed 22 October 2022).


]]> 2022-10-24 13:04:39 UTC https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2353546008 Singapore is the first country that approve the sale of cell-cultured meats ๐Ÿฅฉ๐Ÿงซ alphaho21 https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2353948871 At home, we are the first country in the world to approve such a large-scale production thanks to the Singapore Food Agency in 2020. ๐ŸŽ‰

Why is that so, because Singapore is known to be active in achieving the โ€œ30 by 30โ€ goal in March 2019 โ€“ which the goal is to produce 30% of Singapore's nutritional needs by 2030 and to strengthen the local food supply. ๐ŸŽ๐Ÿฅฌ๐Ÿ—

One of these goals is to increase the production of protein sources and given Singaporeโ€™s strong connection with overseas partners in R&D and innovation, cell-cultured meat production is one of the innovative strategies Singapore considers to mitigate some of the food challenges in a sustainable manner. ๐Ÿค

Nevertheless, Singapore is still far away from bringing every cell-cultured meat into every Singapore household. ๐Ÿ”
]]> 2022-10-24 16:31:53 UTC https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2353948871 Reflection Question (Large-scale production challenges) alphaho21 https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2353953159 Large-scale production of cell-cultured meats are often difficult to implement. 

Besides cost ๐Ÿ’ธ, energy ๐Ÿ”‹, animal ethic ๐Ÿฎ and consumer acceptance ๐Ÿคข issues, what other factors can hinder the process?]]> 2022-10-24 16:34:09 UTC https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2353953159 Singapore Food Agency is still in the midst of creating regulations for cell-cultured meats alphaho21 https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2353959890 Considered a novel food, regulations for cell-cultured meats are still ongoing as they do not have a history of safe use โš ๏ธ.

Does it mean that cell-cultured meat is unsafe to eat?! ๐Ÿฆ ๐Ÿ˜ฑ
That is the answer SFA is still trying to figure out.]]> 2022-10-24 16:37:39 UTC https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2353959890 In NUS, NUS scientists are developing a novel technique to cultivate stem cells without the use of serum-based media ๐Ÿ„ alphaho21 https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2353963874 "A multidisciplinary research team led by Associate Professor Alfredo Franco-Obregรณn, who is from the NUS Institute for Health Innovation & Technology and the NUS Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, came up with an unconventional method of using magnetic pulses ๐Ÿงฒ to stimulate the growth of cell-based meat." ๐Ÿค”๐Ÿ’ญ]]> 2022-10-24 16:39:54 UTC https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2353963874 Colour of your steak ๐ŸŒˆ๐Ÿฅฉ alphaho21 https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2353992597 Do you know that the presence of oxygen can influence the colour of the steak? ๐Ÿฅฉ๐Ÿคค How? ๐Ÿค”

The primary pigment in steak is myoglobin, comprising of a globin and heme complex. This pigment, located in the animal tissues, mostly contributes to the colour of meat, the other is haemoglobin (found in the blood). ๐Ÿฉธ๐Ÿ„

Leaving fresh steak out in the air โ˜๏ธ
When fresh steak is exposed to the air, the steak turns red due to the formation of oxymyoglobin (oxygen binds to myoglobin).

Keeping steak in a sealed bag ๐Ÿ‘
When you leave steak in a sealed bag, the steak turns purple due to the formation of deoxymyoglobin (occurs by the reduction of oxymyoglobin).

Presence of metal ions and pH changes ๐Ÿ‹
The presence of metal ions (e.g. copper) or a change in pH can cause deoxymyoglobin and oxymyoglobin to oxidise as the oxidation state of iron increases from +2 to +3, which causes the steak to produce an undesirable and dullish brownish-red colour, also known as metmyoglobin.

Usually, metmyoglobin is formed at low oxygen partial pressures. Therefore, butchers will always hang their meat and expose to oxygen to ensure that oxymyoglobin is formed at all times. ๐Ÿ‘จโ€๐Ÿฆฒ

Reference:
Damodaran, S., & Parkin, K. L. (2017). Fennemaโ€™s Food Chemistry (Fifth edition). Boca Raton, Florida. CRC Press.

]]> 2022-10-24 16:57:17 UTC https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2353992597 Reflection Question (Consumer Acceptance) ๐Ÿค  alphaho21 https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2354005878 Badge Aunty believes that cell-cultured meat is not allowed to be sold as 'clean meat' because the companies who make cell-cultured meat do not wear badges. ๐Ÿ™„ Do you agree with her?]]> 2022-10-24 17:05:27 UTC https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2354005878 Green steak?! ๐Ÿฅฉ๐Ÿคข alphaho21 https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2354809807 Steak can turn green due to the presence of green-coloured pigments.

  1. Choleglobin is formed when hydrogen peroxide reacts with the ferric site of heme.
  2. Sulfomyoglobin is formed by the reaction of metmyoglobin with hydrogen sulfide and oxygen.
  3. Nitrihemin is formed by heating cured meat for a long time. Cured meat uses nitrites which generate nitrous acid which react iwth metmyoglobin.

Usually this is undesirable - as this is an indcation of spoilage in the steak! It can be perceived as eating tainted or poisonous meat. โ˜ ๐Ÿคข

Steak can also turn green due to metal contamination from mould or slime sticks. ๐Ÿคฎ

Reference:
Damodaran, S., & Parkin, K. L. (2017). Fennemaโ€™s Food Chemistry (Fifth edition). Boca Raton, Florida. CRC Press.

]]> 2022-10-25 04:33:07 UTC https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2354809807 Is there a cell-cultured meat plant in Singapore? Or is it for plant-based meat production? alphaho21 https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2356530545 So far, Singapore does not have any plants for cell-cultured meat production. However, Eat Just (a well known company who produces cell-cultured chicken ๐Ÿงซ๐Ÿ—) is planning to open a 30,000 square-foot facility in Singapore around the first quarter of 2023 (that's a few months away!) where they will supply and produce tonnes of meat from cells! ๐Ÿ”

FYI: Eat Just makes cultured chicken bites, which are currently the only cultured meat product currently approved for sale in Singapore by the SFA.

]]> 2022-10-26 02:56:10 UTC https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2356530545 Why do you need to do biopsy so many times to the same animal for stem cells? ๐Ÿ˜Ÿ๐Ÿ’‰ alphaho21 https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2356543109 Stem cells have a certain proliferative capacity (i.e. how much and how long the stem cells can grow) when placed in the bioreactor.

Therefore, stem cells have a limit on how much they can grow - hence they can only produce a certain quantity of meat.
(For those who know microbiology: If you cultivate Bacillus cereus in a culture medium, you cannot expect that Bacillus cereus will grow indefinitely in the culture medium, right?)

This can be problematic as biopsy injections are usually the only method where stem cell extraction can occur. Especially for a large scale production, if a particular animal e.g. cow X ๐Ÿฎ is needed to produce a tonne of beef X (assuming that cow X can only produce X) - to produce 15 tonnes of the beef - cow X must suffer a total of 15 injections! ๐Ÿ˜ฑ๐Ÿ’‰


References:

Chriki, S., & Hocquette, J.-F. (2020). The Myth of Cultured Meat: A Review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 7, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.00007

Melzener, L., Verzijden, K. E., Buijs, A. J., Post, M. J., & Flack, J. E. (2021). Cultured beef: From small biopsy to substantial quantity. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 101(1), 7โ€“14. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10663

]]> 2022-10-26 03:05:26 UTC https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2356543109 Meat and the United Nation Sustainable Development Goals (Negative impacts covered by Electra) alphaho21 https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2356548955 The impacts of meat on the climate concerns four United Nation Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDG):

  1. UN SDG 2 (Zero Hunger ๐Ÿฅฃ) โ€“ We need to eat food or else we will go hungry
  2. UN SDG 13 (Climate Action ๐ŸŒ) โ€“ We need to take action to reduce our impacts on the climate and to mitigate climate change
  3. UN SDG 14 (Life Below Water ๐ŸŸ) & SDG 15 (Life on Land ๐Ÿ–) - Our food comes from the land which are limited resources. 

If we consume irresponsibly, there will be nothing left for the future generation.

Take a look at this short The Simpsons clip, how can you relate the video to the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals? ๐Ÿค”
]]> 2022-10-26 03:09:37 UTC https://padlet.com/alphaho21/iv40v3xxtazwd6h9/wish/2356548955