APUSH President Social Media by RACHEL L PETERSON

Biography

221879_7 — 2024-04-09 11:55:46 UTC

John F. Kennedy was president from 1961 to 1963. JFK promoted flexible response policy which is when he increased nonnuclear weapons that reduced the risk of using nuclear weapons but also increased temptations to send special elite forces around the world. He was involved multiple important Cold War events such as the Cuban Missile Crisis, the rise of the Berlin Wall, the Bay of Pigs Invasion, and the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.

Eisenhower

221879_7 — 2024-04-09 11:56:01 UTC

President of the United States from 1953 to 1961. During the Cold War he supplied aid and mainly wanted to advance the United States economy.

Johnson

221879_7 — 2024-04-09 11:56:17 UTC

President of the United States from 1963 to 1969. During the Cold War he focused on domestic policies.

Ford

221879_7 — 2024-04-09 11:56:35 UTC

President of the United States from 1974 to 1977 and faced challenges that would affect the US' position in the war. He continued the policy of détente aiming to ease tensions between the US and the Soviet Union. His administration focused on arms control negotiations, and improved relations with China.

Reagan

221879_7 — 2024-04-09 11:59:12 UTC

Reagan served from 1981 to 1989. He advocated for the buildup of US military and took a tough stance against the Soviet Union.

Summary

217737_1 — 2024-04-09 12:10:50 UTC

The Cold War was an ongoing political rivalry of the United States and the Soviet Union along with allies continuing from World War II. Each world power had possession of nuclear weapons with the ability of inflicting mass destruction on the other. The war began in 1947 and ended in the late 1980s. The main cause of the war was the spread of communism. The US' involvement in the war was to attempt to stop the spread and protect democracy in the world. In the end the war created a heightened fear of communism throughout the United States and constant investigations took place.

Biography

217737_1 — 2024-04-10 14:58:59 UTC

Nixon was president from 1969 to 1974. He believed in Détente Diplomacy which was a deliberate reduction in Cold War tensions. He worked closely with his national security adviser, Henry Kissinger. Nixon was involved in the major Cold War events, the SALT I agreement and the War Powers Act. His presidency ended with the Watergate Scandal.

Biography

217737_1 — 2024-04-10 14:59:39 UTC

Carter was president from 1977 to 1981. Carter was successful with the Camp David Accords, half succeeded with the SALT II agreements, and failed with the Iran Hostage Crisis.

Truman

217737_1 — 2024-04-10 15:00:49 UTC

President of the United states from 1945 to 1953. In the Cold War he supplied aid to Greece, Turkey, South Korea, and Europe.

Truman Doctrine

216705_6 — 2024-04-10 17:07:07 UTC

President Truman asked Congress for $400 million in economic and military aid to assist the free people of Greece and Turkey against totalitarian regimes in March 1947. This came as a response to a Communist-led uprising against the government in Greece, and Soviet demands for some control of a water route in Turkey called the Dardanelles.

Korean War

216705_6 — 2024-04-10 17:07:37 UTC

When the surprise invasion of South Korea by North Korea started Truman waisted no time and applied his containment policy to this crisis in Asia. Truman called for a special meeting of the United Nations Security Council and authorized a UN force to defend South Korea against the invaders.

The Marshall Plan

216705_6 — 2024-04-10 17:07:50 UTC

The Marshall Plan was a $17 billion European Recovery Program. $12 billion in aid was approved and was sent to Western Europe over a four-year period. This plan also offered aid to the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellites but they ended up refusing because they feared this would cause them to be dependent on the United States.

Bay of Pigs Invasion

217737_1 — 2024-04-10 17:21:59 UTC

JFK authorized a plan for a special force of Cuban exiles to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba by starting a general uprising. The force failed to start an uprising and were captured. JFK refused to send U.S. forces to save the Cuban force so they surrendered. Castro took advantage of the failed invasion to gain more aid from the Soviet Union and strengthen his grip on his power.

Cuban Missile Crisis

217737_1 — 2024-04-10 17:22:14 UTC

Cuba and the Soviet Union agreed for the Soviet Union to build underground missiles in Cuba to launch for the U.S. at any minute. JFK established a naval blockade around Cuba until the Cuban missiles were gone.

The Rise of the Berlin Wall

217737_1 — 2024-04-10 17:22:32 UTC

JFK and Khrushchev met in Vienna and Khrushchev wanted the to U.S. pull their troops out of Berlin but JFK refused. The Soviets started to constructed the Berlin Wall to keep East Germans from fleeing to West Germany. JFK didn't attempt to stop the construction but he reassured its residents that U.S. support would continue.

Détente

217737_1 — 2024-04-10 17:23:36 UTC

Détente was a method of deliberate reduction in Cold War tensions. One example includes Nixon's trip to China. Through secret negotiations with Mao Zedong, Nixon was able to start diplomatic exchanges which eventually led to U.S. recognition of Communist China. Even critics of Nixon admitted that his foreign policies enhanced world peace.

SALT I agreement

217737_1 — 2024-04-10 17:24:20 UTC

SALT stand for Strategic Arms Limitation Talks where the Soviet Union agreed to freeze on the number of ballistic missiles carrying nuclear warheads. Nixon was also able to get the Soviets to agree to a treaty limiting antiballistic missiles which could have expanded the arms race. The SALT I agreement did not end the arms race but it was an important step toward decreasing Cold War tensions.

War Powers Act

217737_1 — 2024-04-10 17:24:50 UTC

This act required Nixon and all future presidents to report to Congress within 48 hours after taking military action. Congress would also must approve military action that lasted more than 60 days. Nixon attempted to veto the act but Congress successfully voted to override the veto.

U-2 Incident

216705_6 — 2024-04-10 18:02:28 UTC

Two weeks before the planned meeting in Paris, the Russians shot down a high-altitude U.S. spy plane (U-2) that was over the Soviet Union. This exposed a secret U.S. tactic for gaining information. This occurred after the proposal of open-skies had been shot down by the Soviet Union. The friendly spirit of Camp David never ended up having a chance to produce results because Eisenhower confessed which led Khrushchev to walk out of the Paris summit.

Eisenhower Doctrine

216705_6 — 2024-04-10 18:09:14 UTC

This policy pledged economic and military aid to any Middle Eastern country threatened by communism. The first time Eisenhower applied his doctrine was in 1958 when he sent 14,000 marines to Lebanon to prevent a civil war between Christians and Muslims.

The Launch of Sputnik and the Space Race

216705_6 — 2024-04-10 18:17:14 UTC

The Sputnik launch shocked the United States by launching the first satellites into orbit around the earth. After that technological leadership of the U.S. was open to question. In 1958, Congress created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration or NASA to direct to U.S. efforts to build missiles and explore outer space.

Wilderness Act

216705_6 — 2024-04-11 11:42:36 UTC

This act permanently set aside certain federal lands from commercial economic development in order to preserve them in a natural. The federal government also took a new interest in controlling pollution.

Détente

221879_7 — 2024-04-11 11:44:59 UTC

Ford was Nixon's Vice President, so his influence on the foreign policy was significant. He supported the policy and it's attempts at improving relations with the Soviet Union and China. After he was elected he continued to pursue the policy and ease tensions.

Iran and the Hostage Crisis

217737_1 — 2024-04-11 11:48:21 UTC

Anti-American feelings were strong in Iran since the U.S. helped overthrow Iran's democratic leader in 1953 and establish a dictatorial leader called a shah. The shah kept the oil flowing for the West but his autocratic policy of westernization alienated a part of the Iranian population. Islamic fundamentalists overthrew the shah and the leader of the fundamentalists flee the Iran but people demanded he return to stand trial. Oil exports had stopped and the U.S. became involved when they allowed the shah into Iran for medical treatment. Iranian militants held American staff members as hostages. Carter approved a rescue mission but it failed and people began to see Carter as a failed president.

Camp David Accords

217737_1 — 2024-04-11 11:48:39 UTC

President Carter was able to bring together Egypt and Israel to stabilize and increase good relations between the two countries. Carter was able to initiate good relations by inviting both leaders to Camp David, Maryland.

SALT II agreement

217737_1 — 2024-04-11 11:49:08 UTC

This agreement limited the size of each superpower's nuclear delivery system. The Senate never ratified the treaty as a result of Cold War tension increasing due to the Soviet Union invading Afghanistan.

Vietnam War

216705_6 — 2024-04-11 11:50:15 UTC

Johnson became president as things began falling apart in South Vietnam. During the presidential campaign Republican candidate attacked the Johnson administration for giving only weak support to South Vietnam's fight. In August of 1964 Johnson and Congress took a turn after North Vietnamese gunboats fired on U.S. warships. This led to Johnson persuading Congress that this aggressive act was a sufficient reason for a military response by the US. The Tonkin Gulf Resolution basically gave the president a blank check to take all necessary measures to protect U.S. interests in Vietnam.

Domestic Reforms

216705_6 — 2024-04-11 11:57:34 UTC

Johnson knew how to pass legislation from his years in the House and Senate. He aggressively promoted the domestic programs that Kennedy failed to get through Congress. He persuaded Congress to pass an expanded version of Kennedy's civil rights bill, and Kennedy's proposal for an income tax cut.

Vietnam War

221879_7 — 2024-04-11 12:03:26 UTC

During the end of the Vietnam War, Ford faced the challenge of removing US troops. His policies aimed to decrease US involvement in the war and he supported a negotiated settlement. He gradually transferred responsibility back to the South Vietnamese forces and attempted peace agreements, one signed in 1973.

Iron Curtain

216705_6 — 2024-04-11 12:05:17 UTC

News of a Canadian spy ring stealing atomic secret for the Soviets and continued Soviet occupation of northern Iran further encouraged a get-tough policy in Washington. In Missouri in March 1946, Truman was present on the speaker's platform as former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill declared and iron curtain had descended across the continent of Europe.

Berlin Wall Fall

221879_7 — 2024-04-11 12:05:37 UTC

In 1987, Ronald Reagan gave a speech with his famous quote, "Tear down this wall". His strong stance against communism and his support for freedom and democracy inspired many East Germany civilians. Reagan's policies created a atmosphere of change and opening of the wall. His presidency marked the eventual reunification of Germany.

Iran-Contra Scandel

221879_7 — 2024-04-11 12:07:51 UTC

This scandal was a major political controversy in the 80s. It involved the secret sale of weapons to Iran to attempt to secure release of American hostages in Lebanon. The proceeds funded the Contra, a rebel group in Nicaragua, in violation of US law. Reagan denied any knowledge of the illegal activities and it was revealed that a high-ranking official of his was responsible.

Star Wars

221879_7 — 2024-04-11 12:07:59 UTC

Also known as the Strategic Defense Initiative was a proposed missile defense system Reagan introduced. The goal was to develop advanced technology with the ability to detect and destroy incoming missiles. This would provide defense against nuclear attacks. The system although never fully realized, still impacted the arms race.

Helsinki Accords

221879_7 — 2024-04-11 12:08:14 UTC

The Helsinki Accords were a series of agreements signed in 1975 by the US and other countries. Their goal was to improve relations between the East and West. They covered human rights, security, and cooperation.

Civil Rights Act of 1964 & Voting Rights Act 1965

221879_7 — 2024-04-11 12:08:36 UTC

Civil Rights Act 1964:

This act prohibited discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It aimed to end segregation and ensure equal treatment in the work force, education, and public areas.

Voting Rights Act 1965:

The act aimed to combat racial discrimination in voting. It prohibited discriminatory practices that were preventing African Americans from exercising their right to vote. This included literacy tests and poll taxes.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

217737_1 — 2024-04-11 12:10:48 UTC

Following the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Soviet Union, the U.S., and many other countries signed the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. This treaty ended the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere but allowed testing to resume underground.

Spirit of Geneva

216705_6 — 2024-04-11 12:11:24 UTC

After Stalin's death, Eisenhower called for a slowdown in the arms race and presented to the United Nations an atoms for peace plan. By 1955, a desire for improved relations on both sides resulted in a summit meeting in Geneva between Eisenhower and the new Soviet premier. At this conference the president proposed an open-skies policy over each other's territory in order to eliminate the chance of a surprise nuclear attack which the Soviets refused.

Non-Proliferation Treaty

216705_6 — 2024-04-11 19:32:56 UTC

In this treaty each signatory, which was the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union, agreed not to help other countries develop or acquire nuclear weapons.

Watergate Scandal

217737_1 — 2024-04-12 12:08:50 UTC

There were a series of illegal activities conducted by the Nixon administration and the Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP). Nixon created the "plumbers" to stop news leaks but this group created an "enemies list" of people who opposed Nixon and investigated them. It soon became clear that Nixon had engaged in an illegal cover-up to avoid scandal. A Senate investigation committee televised the hearings. Congress began the process to impeach Nixon but he resigned before Congress could complete the process. The Watergate Scandal contributed to a loss of faith and trust in the federal government.

Tax Reform Act of 1986

221879_7 — 2024-04-15 00:30:33 UTC

Reagan was a strong advocate for tax reform and worked closely with Congress to shape the legislation. Reagan believed that simplifying the tax code and reducing tax rates would stimulate economic growth and benefit all Americans. his leadership and support gathered bipartisan support for the bill and get it signed.

Afghanistan Invasion

217737_1 — 2024-04-15 12:04:40 UTC

Carter attempted to continue the Nixon and Ford détente policy with exchange of ambassadors with the People's Republic of China and the SALT II agreements. When the Soviets invaded Afghanistan, the U.S. feared that it would eventually lead to Soviet control of the oil-rich Persian Gulf. Carter reacted by placing an embargo on grain exports and the sale of high technology to the Soviet Union as well as boycotting the 1980 Olympics in Moscow.

Comments Needed

221879_7 — 2024-04-15 12:16:07 UTC

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