Arzu Demirtaş

Kurtuluş Savaşı (literally, “Independence War”) was the war of a nation, not a political power but citizens, in search for freedom. Ottoman Empire then had got weaker and weaker, and it turned into a warzone when Greece, Armenia, France, United Kingdom and Italy (“the Allies”) decided to share its territory among themselves. It resulted in a whole new regime with a brand new country, all independent and victorious.þ

The Cuban Revolution was an armed revolt conducted by Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement and its allies against the right-win gauthoritarian government of Cuban President Fulgencio Batista. The revolution began in July 1953, and continued sporadically until the rebels finally ousted Batista on 1 January 1959, replacing his government with a revolutionary socialist state. The 26th of July Movement later reformed along communist lines, becoming the Communist Party in October 1965.Castro’s organized attack set up on the eastern end of Santiago de Cuba against the military barracks ended in despair and failure due to government.

The Cuban Revolution had powerful domestic and international repercussions. In particular, it transformed Cuba's relationship with the United States. Efforts to improve diplomatic relations have gained momentum in recent years. In the immediate aftermath of the revolution, Castro's government began a program of nationalization and political consolidation that transformed Cuba's economy and civil society. The revolution also heralded an era of Cuban intervention in foreign military conflicts, including the Angolan Civil War and the Nicaraguan Revolution .

Enes Özgür Gögmen

 

Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror added the surroundings of Istanbul to the Ottoman lands. Then came to Istanbul. Fatih went into a long preparation. Big bullion. He built his Rumeli Fortress against Anadolu Hisarı.

The Emperor Constantine who sees the danger has asked for help from all the states in Europe. On 2 April 1453 the Golden Horn stretched a chain to his mouth.

Understanding that Fatih Istanbul would only be conquered by the entrance of the Ottoman Navy into the Golden Horn, he laid sleds from Tophane to Kasımpaşa. In one night, 72 pieces stretched. It was brought down to the Golden Horn.

After a long siege, the gun fire that started on May 27th and lasted for 3 days opened up in the city walls. After the attacks on May 29th and lasting up to sabah, the general attack against sabah was passed. Ulubatlı Hasan went out to the city walls and stood there. Then all the soldiers crossed the city walls and entered the city. Thus, the conquest of 54 days was conquered by Istanbul Fatih.

"Istanbul will be fenced one day. Fatih Sultan Mehmet, who set out with the desire to reach a pleasure in the hadeeth of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), conquered Istanbul on 29 May 1453. With the conquest of Istanbul, the Middle Ages had come to an end, New Age began.

Sultan Mehmet the Conqueror was 21 years old as the Sultan who opened the age.

At dawn, however, Doria was surprised to see that the Turks were coming towards his ships. Barbarossa had taken his fleet out of the anchorage and headed south as well. Turgut Reis was in the van with six large fustas, and the left wing closely hugged the shore. Not expecting such a daring offensive from the numerically inferior Ottoman fleet, it took Doria three hours to give the order to weigh anchor and ready for battle—pressed by Grimani and Capello.

The two fleets finally engaged on 28 September 1538 in the Gulf of Arta, near Preveza.

The lack of wind was not in Doria's favor. The huge Venetian flagship Galeone di Venezia with her massive guns was becalmed four miles from land and ten miles from Sessola. While the Christian ships struggled to come to her assistance, she was soon surrounded by enemy galleys and engaged in a furious battle that lasted hours and did much damage to the Ottoman galleys.

When the wind rose, the Christian fleet finally approached the action, although Doria first executed a number of maneuvres designed to draw the Turks out to sea. Ferrante Gonzaga, the Viceroy of Sicily, was at the left wing of the combined fleet, while the Maltese Knights were at the right wing. Doria placed four of his fastest galleys under the command of his nephew Giovanni Andrea Doria who was positioned in the center front, between Gonzaga and the Maltese Knights. Doria's galleys formed a long line behind them, in front of the Papal and Venetian galleys of Grimani and Capello. In the rear were the Venetian galleons under the command of Alessandro Condalmiero (Bondumier) and the Spanish-Portuguese-Genoese galleons under the command of Francesco Doria, together with the barques and support ships.

The Ottoman fleet had a Y shaped configuration: Barbarossa, together with his son Hasan Reis (later Hasan Pasha), Sinan Reis, Cafer Reis and Şaban Reis, was at the center; Seydi Ali Reis commanded the left wing; Salih Reis commanded the right wing; while Turgut Reis, accompanied by Murat Reis, Güzelce Mehmet Reis and Sadık Reis, commanded the rear wing. The Turks swiftly engaged the Venetian, Papal and Maltese ships, but Doria hesitated to bring his center into action against Barbarossa, which led to much tactical maneuvering but little fighting. Barbarossa wanted to take advantage of the lack of wind which immobilized the Christian barques that accounted for most of the numerical difference between the two sides. These barques fell as easy prey to the Turks who boarded them from their relatively more mobile galleys and galliots. Doria’s efforts to trap the Ottoman ships between the cannon fire of his barques and galleys failed.

At the end of the day, the Turks had sunk 10 ships, burned 3 others, captured 36, and had taken about 3000 prisoners. The Turks did not lose any ships but suffered 400 dead and 800 wounded. A number of Ottoman ships had been seriously damaged, however, by the cannon fire of the massive Galeone di Venezia, the Venetian flagship under the command of Alessandro Condalmiero.

The next morning, with favorable wind, and unwilling to risk the Spanish-Genoese ships, Doria set sail and left the battlefield for Corfu, deaf to the pleas of the Venetian, Papal and Maltese commanders to continue the fight.

Upon these negativities, Sultan Mehmed Vahiduddin, the last ruler of the Ottoman Parliament, wanted to make some decisions. The Assembly has taken decisions against the wishes of the occupying forces. When these decisions were learned by the Entente States under the name of Misak-ı Milli, the British finally invaded Istanbul in order to prevent the situation and ended the Ottoman Parliament

Abdurrahman ağar
11/M

The Gallipoli Campaign of 1915-16, also known as the Battle of Gallipoli or the Dardanelles Campaign, was an unsuccessful attempt by the Allied Powers to control the sea route from Europe to Russia during World War I. The campaign began with a failed naval attack by British and French ships on the Dardanelles Straits in February-March 1915 and continued with a major land invasion of the Gallipoli Peninsula on April 25, involving British and French troops as well as divisions of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC). Lack of sufficient intelligence and knowledge of the terrain, along with a fierce Turkish resistance, hampered the success of the invasion. By mid-October, Allied forces had suffered heavy casualties and had made little headway from their initial landing sites. Evacuation began in December 1915, and was completed early the following January.