Gilded Age Review by Laura Harris https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr en-us 2016-01-15 17:21:07 UTC 2020-02-10 13:26:50 UTC hello@padlet.com Supreme Court and Big Business jl2110 https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146549108 Trends in rulings:
Court leans toward supporting big business

Munn v. Illinois-
States had the power to regulate privately owned businesses like the railroads in the public's interest  ]]> 2017-01-11 15:54:16 UTC https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146549108 Labor jl2110 https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146573687 Wage system
-it was made to pay blue collar workers comparable to prevailing private sector rates in each local wage area

AFL- American Federation of Labor
-National federation of labor unions that included only skilled workers
-Led by Samuel Gompers
-Sought to negotiate with employers for better working conditions

Knights of Labor
-First effort to create a National Union but failed
-included everyone (african americans, women and unskilled workers)
-wanted better hours and safety, overall more equal rights ]]> 2017-01-11 16:56:30 UTC https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146573687 Labor Strikes jl2110 https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146573854 Haymarket Square Riot
-Workers were protesting and striking and a bomb exploded
-Made labor unions look violent

Great RR strike
-A group of RR workers on Baltimore and Ohio Railroad who began to strike because of income decrease
-This strike spread all along the railroads and so the RR roadhouse was torched

Homestead Strike
-Owner of a plant, Frick proposed to cut wages by 20% bc the workers were upset 
-The workers then went on strike and so Frick locked workers out of the plant
-Militia in Pennsylvania had to take control and protect replacement workers

Pullman Strike
-In 1894, Pullman Palace Car workers went on strike when the company cut wages by 50%
-RR Union Leader, Eugene Debs, called for a national RR strike
-Pres. Cleveland issued an injunction and sent the army to end the strike and resume rail road traffic
-Eugene Debs was arrested and became committed to socialism while in jail, sparking a short socialist movement in US
-In the court case, the Supreme Court used the Sherman Antitrust Act to uphold Cleveland's injunction since the strike restrained US trade

]]> 2017-01-11 16:57:03 UTC https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146573854 Farmers jl2110 https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146574214 Reasons for discontent
-Harsh farming conditions
-Declining prices in grain and cotton
-Rising railroad rates and mortgages
-Government deflation policies

Attempts to better conditions

Grangers
-First group to attempt to organize farmers
-Grangers grew angry at the exploitive practices of Eastern bankers, railroads, and wholesalers
-Grangers formed co-op stores, banks, and grain elevators
-Grangers died in the depression of 1870's 

Granger laws
-Series of laws passed in western states of U.S. to regulate grain elevator and railroad freight rates to address railroad abuses against farmers

Munn v. Illinois
-Illinois declared Rail Roads be public highways
-Government could regulate private industries
-"Only congress can regulate interstate trade"

Populist Party
-Made up of farmers and factory workers
-Got numerous state and national politicians elected
-Election of 1896 killed the populist party]]> 2017-01-11 16:58:08 UTC https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146574214 Populist Party jl2110 https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146574652 Platform
-Platform included Ocala Demands, an 8-hour day, government control of RR's and banks, the breakup of monopolies, and tighter immigration restrictions

William Jennings Bryan
-Democratic nominee in the election of 1896
-Called for free silver and income tax, attacked trusts and injunctions
-He visited 26 states on his whistle stop campaign
-Pro-free-silver
-Populist leader

Cross of Gold
-William Jennings Bryan's famous speech that criticized policy of the government for being too hard on farmers economically
-Said in the speech that farmers were being crucified on this

]]> 2017-01-11 16:59:27 UTC https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146574652 Labor Unions jl2110 https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146574942 AFL
-Concentrated on practical economic goals such as higher wages, improved working conditions. Members were directed to walk out until the employer agreed to negotiate a new contract through collective bargaining
-8 hour work days
-Higher wages
-Better working conditions


Characteristics of the American labor movement
-Encouraged industrial workers to vote

Tactics 
-Employers would lockout workers to their factory, make workers sign contracts saying they wouldn't join the union, and calling in private guard or state militia
-Workers would go on strike when unhappy with conditions
]]> 2017-01-11 17:00:16 UTC https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146574942 Economics jl2110 https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146575211 Depressions and Panics
-Depression of 1873
       -Caused by over-speculation on railroads and western lands
-Depression of 1893
       -Most serious blow to politics in the Gilded Age
      -Stock market panic occurred when the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad went bankrupt
      -Companies cut wages and laid off workers and unemployment rate hit 20%

Coxey's Army
-In 1894 there were 1,400 strikes that were led by unemployed people demanding government relief
-Jacob Coxey led an army from Ohio to D.C. to convince Congress to create jobs by spending $500 million on new roads

]]> 2017-01-11 17:01:07 UTC https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146575211 Federal Government jl2110 https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146575428 Interstate Commerce Commission
-Regulate railroad industry
-Made the Rail Roads the first industry subject to Federal regulation

Pendleton Act
-In 1883, Congress passed this to require merit-based exams for civil service jobs

Sherman Anti-Trust Act
-Made it illegal to restrain trade
-First time government made an effort to stop monopolies

Tariffs]]> 2017-01-11 17:01:41 UTC https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146575428 Immigration jl2110 https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146575900 Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
-Farmers didn't want Chinese immigrants bc they took the farmer's jobs and were paid less

"New immigrants"
-Most immigrants during this time period were from South/East Europe
]]> 2017-01-11 17:02:42 UTC https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146575900 Urbanization jl2110 https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146576172 Municipal corruption
-Bribery of many government figures and leaders]]> 2017-01-11 17:03:22 UTC https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146576172 Imperialism jl2110 https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146576293 White Man's Burden
-Poem written by Kipling
-Commented of American imperialism
-Said it is white people's duties to help minority races because whites are superior 

Hawaii
-U.S. missionaries and prospectors 1st arrived in Hawaii in the 1820's
-By the 1870's, Hawaii was dominated by sugar and fruit plantation owners
-The U.S. had a tax on imported goods and were importing lots of goods from Hawaii so they thought they should just take over Hawaii instead of paying a little extra for their fruits


Jingoism and reasons to support imperialism
-Jingoism is extreme patriotism which normally leads to the annexation of territories

China

Open Door Policy
-1900, suggested no nation would have an exclusive sphere of influence in China


]]> 2017-01-11 17:03:40 UTC https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146576293 Spanish-American War jl2110 https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146577054 Reasons for
-U.S. presidents saw the benefits for the U.S. of gaining Cuba

Terms of the Treaty of Paris (1898)
-Cuba gained independence
-U.S. gained Puerto Rico, Guam, & the Philippines

Controversy over the Philippines
-U.S. did not want the Philippines, but Germany did, so the U.S. took it so Germany couldn't have it
-Philippines helped the U.S. in the war but grew angry when U.S. refused to recognize their independence
-Emilio Aguinaldo led a guerrilla-style rebellion that lasted 3 years
-Eventually Philippines was granted independence on July 4th, 1946]]> 2017-01-11 17:05:34 UTC https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/146577054 integration https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/215255671 vertical integration- companies buying several firms involved in all aspects of a product's manufacture to eventually make that product  ( Carnegie)

horizontal integration-  companies buying into a single firm of those several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level (Rockefeller)]]> 2017-12-12 00:22:02 UTC https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/215255671 presidents of gilded age https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/215255819 Rutherford B. Hayes- 19th president, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

James A. Garfield- 20th president, Republican, assassinated by Charles Guiteau after a few months in office due to lack of patronage

Grover Cleveland- 22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes]]> 2017-12-12 00:23:33 UTC https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/215255819 industrialization & important people https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/215256481 The railroad industry leads to success in coal, iron and petroleum.

Vanderbilt- most powerful in railroad industry. over-speculation in RR's led to bad economic times

JP Morgan- bank financier to save industry- "morganization" - fixed costs

Carnegie- the american dream (coming to America and being given opportunities to become successful in life) ]]> 2017-12-12 00:30:30 UTC https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/215256481 political machines (ran like a mafia) https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/215257976 Tammany Hall- ran by boss tweed(tweed ring) ]]> 2017-12-12 00:47:18 UTC https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/215257976 Plains Indians Wars jl2110 https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/313665886 Sand Creek Massacre
Wounded Knee Massacre
Chief Joseph

]]> 2018-12-11 23:47:40 UTC https://padlet.com/jl2110/irjjuk7jh0wr/wish/313665886