Team Multimedia Presentation by Savannah Samons

Savannah Samons

srsamons22 — 2021-04-21 13:29:27 UTC

LINK
This link leads to facts and statistics about how much ocean pollution has increased each year

Marine Pollution

ekretschmer22 — 2021-04-22 03:46:28 UTC

Emily K.

Article Title

keiryn_phillips — 2021-04-26 13:19:01 UTC

Bullet point author's main ideas and evidence to support the main idea.

Viewpoint – Ocean Plastic Pollution: a convenient but distracting truth? (Richard Stafford and Peter J.S. Jones)

bcmegie23 — 2021-04-28 01:56:35 UTC

- "...potential to provide ‘quick fix’ technological solutions to plastic pollution, such as large scale marine clean-up operations and new ‘biodegradable’ plastic substitutes. As such, ocean plastic can provide a convenient truth that distracts us from the need for more radical changes to our behavioural, political and economic systems, addressing which will help address larger marine environmental issues, as well as the cause of plastic pollution, i.e. overconsumption."

- "Public opinion has also altered industry behaviour and even
government policies as a result of the high levels of public concern over plastic waste."

-"Anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, largely from the burning of fossil fuels, are causing oceans to warm and acidify. Coral reefs bleach more frequently and have less recovery time with warming temperatures, and predictions have indicated that coral reefs will be under severe threat unless
temperature rises are urgently limited. Climate change also affects many other marine systems... Climate change impacts are also associated with changing species and disease distributions, particularly from hotter lower latitude regions towards the poles, and such changes can also cause major ecological community change, and potentially also negatively affect biodiversity."

- "Overfishing, along with
associated habitat damage from bottom trawling, is drastically changing many ecological communities in our oceans, making them less resilient and potentially less able to supply food and other ecosystem services to the most vulnerable communities who rely on fish as a source of protein."

- "For example, permanently changing diet away from meat and
many kinds of fish is needed [36] as is reducing consumerist consumption patterns, car reliance and aeroplane flights, or more controversially, reducing our number of children. As such, a focus on individual level action, at least at the level of the ‘how to make a difference’ checklists common on social media, is unlikely to successfully address the complex environmental issues we face today, and may even be a distraction from the need to make structural changes to our societal, political and economic systems."

- "For climate change and biodiversity loss, technical solutions
allow further reuse and recycling of products, reducing the energy requirements of production and
limiting the extraction of natural resources which may lead to habitat degradation and biodiversity loss. As such, technological solutions can play a role, but achieve the most when combined with a new political and economic outlook to the environment."

- "For example, while flying is one of the major individual level changes which can be made to reduce carbon emissions, globally it equates to < 2% of carbon emissions, due to the low number of people flying at a global level... reduction of meat consumption would have a far greater reduction in carbon emissions. While reduction in flying is clearly important, at a political level, it would be more effective to tax meat consumption or production the reduce carbon (although the optimal solution may vary by country)."

- "Individuals need to target political systems to create real environmental change. At its most basic form, this should include voting, but as history demonstrates, collective action relies on education (often
informal education and discussion) and challenging the status quo of debate. Developing effective
environmental governance strategies at local, national and global levels is also likely to provide
integrated solutions to environmental problems, but also strengthen the case for political
reform."

Can Social Media Clear the Air? A Case Study of the Air Pollution (Samuel Kay, Bo Zhao, and Daniel Sui)

bcmegie23 — 2021-04-28 23:12:12 UTC

- We find that... microblogs are capable of empowering citizens to advance an environmental cause..."

- At the urging of the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the Chinese government shut down hundreds of factories, power plants, and construction sites within a 150-km radius of Beijing; removed millions of vehicles from the road; planted trees to prevent sandstorms; and seeded clouds to
change the weather. These costly efforts resulted in a significant reduction in air pollution in Beijing (Rich et al. 2012). The emissions reduction coincided with a
drop in biomarkers of cardiovascular disease among
young adults, which increased again when the games and air pollution reduction measures ended."

Marine & Ocean Pollution Statistics and Facts 2020-2021- Condor Ferries

srsamons22 — 2021-04-29 02:41:07 UTC

Link

-"Marine life, as we know it, is suffering irreparable damage from the chemical pollution of the waters and the millions of tons of mismanaged waste dumped in the oceans each year. The result is a planetary crisis with over 100 million marine animal’s lives get lost every year, and the decay of the ocean's ecosystem."

-"1 in 3 marine mammal species get found entangled in litter, 12-14,000 tons of plastic are ingested by North Pacific fish yearly. "

Ocean Pollution: Public Awareness and Action- Sea Life Foundation

srsamons22 — 2021-04-29 02:47:49 UTC

LINK
- "The Sea of Change Foundation seeks, guides, and funds projects that directly address this critical issue by educating and empowering consumers, communities, and industries to make more sustainable choices. We are working towards meaningful change towards decreasing plastic pollution"

Why The Sudden Interest In Ocean Pollution - GreenBiz Rob Kaplan

srsamons22 — 2021-04-29 02:51:52 UTC

LINK
-"In May, the Australian government set a target for 100-percent reusable, compostable or recyclable packaging by 2025; two months later, the Australian senate recommended a ban on all single-use plastics, including takeout containers, plastic-lined coffee cups, chip packages, and bags — by 2023."
-"In July, PepsiCo committed $10 million to the "All In On Recycling" initiative to increase recycling rates in the United States and capture 7 billion containers over the next five years."
-"Charles Moore brought back the first reports of the "plastic garbage patch" in 1997. Since then, we’ve learned that 150 million tons of plastic are in the ocean, much of it from countries taxed with processing exponential levels of plastic with little or no waste management systems. The number has increased by 8 million tons each year as developed countries focus on eliminating single-use plastics such as straws — which represent less than 1 percent of ocean plastic — rather than systemic change."

Ocean Optimism: Raising Awareness- Ocean Climate Lab

srsamons22 — 2021-04-29 02:59:44 UTC

LINK
-"Corporations, companies, and organizations can be examples for doing their part in helping the environment and providing educational resources for the public."

Raising Awareness of Plastic Hazards- Earth D.E.C.K.S.

srsamons22 — 2021-04-29 03:20:30 UTC

LINK
-"The diversity of the plastic problem requires
• a diversity of talent; different types of organizations
• champions with diverse expertise and different approaches
• both big ideas and continuous improvement
• continually trying new experiments and engaging new champions"

5 Ways Technologies Are Helping Beat Plastic Pollution- eTrade For All

srsamons22 — 2021-04-29 03:37:25 UTC

LINK
-"They are using satellite imaging and machine learning to help clean up and capture the 5 trillion pieces of plastic trash they have observed in the world’s “ocean garbage patches.” They estimate that within 5 years they could collect 50% of the ocean’s garbage."
-"This year the UNEP campaign, #BeatPlasticPollution, aims to get people to pledge to give up single use plastics. Using social media awareness, they are raising funds and challenging teams to hold events across the globe."

9 Companies Using Social Media Awareness About the Plastics Industry

srsamons22 — 2021-04-29 03:40:50 UTC

LINK
-"We have produced more plastic over the last ten years than during the whole of the last century

14% of all litter comes from beverage containers, and when you add in caps and labels the number increases
Packaging is the largest “end use market” segment, accounting for about 40% of total plastic usage"

Marine Pollution Explained- National Geographic

srsamons22 — 2021-04-29 03:53:39 UTC

LINK
-"Before 1972, humans around the word spewed trash, sewage sludge, and chemical, industrial, and radioactive wastes into the ocean with impunity. Millions of tons of heavy metals and chemical contaminants, along with thousands of containers of radioactive waste, were purposely thrown into the ocean."

Causes and Effects of Ocean Pollution- Conservative Energy Future

srsamons22 — 2021-04-29 04:01:52 UTC

LINK
-"The release of other chemical nutrients into the ocean’s ecosystem leads to reductions in oxygen levels, the decay of plant life, and a severe decline in the quality of the seawater itself. As a result, all levels of oceanic life, plants and animals, are highly affected."
-"The dumping of toxic liquids in the ocean directly affects marine life as they are considered hazardous, and secondly, they raise the temperature of the ocean, a phenomenon known as thermal pollution, as the temperature of these liquids is quite high. Animals and plants that cannot survive at higher temperatures eventually perish."
-"Often, this water picks up man-made, harmful contaminants that pollute the ocean, including fertilizers, petroleum, pesticides and other forms of soil contaminants. Fertilizers and waste from land animals and humans can be hugely detrimental to the ocean by creating dead zones."
-"Besides, many ships lose thousands of crates each year due to storms, emergencies, and accidents. This causes noise pollution (excessive, unexpected noise that interrupts the balance of life, most often caused by modes of transportation), excessive algae, and ballast water."

Raising Awareness of Plastic Waste- The New York Times

srsamons22 — 2021-04-29 04:03:55 UTC

LINK

Siara Kidd

sjkidd23 — 2021-04-29 19:10:07 UTC

"Marine pollution is a combination of chemicals and trash, most of which comes from land sources and is washed or blown into the ocean. This pollution results in damage to the environment, to the health of all organisms, and to economic structures worldwide."

Tracking Marine Pollution by John E. Elliott and Kyle H. Elliott

sjkidd23 — 2021-04-29 19:12:32 UTC

"Visit a beach almost anywhere and
you will see plastic waste floating
in the water and heaped above the
tide lines."

The Impact of Ocean Noise Pollution on Marine Biodiversity by Linda S. Weilgart, Ph.D.

sjkidd23 — 2021-04-29 19:16:01 UTC

"Noise levels are steadily rising, so ocean noise must be managed both
nationally and internationally in a precautionary way before irreversible damage to biodiversity and the marine ecosystem occurs. "

Ocean Pollution Knowledge & Actions by Delaney Smith

sjkidd23 — 2021-04-29 19:24:53 UTC

"It was found that ocean pollution education and reducing personal waste guidance can help raise awareness because it can positively impact individuals' environmental attitudes and actions."

Why scientists say ‘plastivores’ could be the solution to plastic pollution by Liz Tung

sjkidd23 — 2021-04-29 19:28:15 UTC

"contamination by dirt and other plastics makes it difficult to fully break down the plastic. Another is that the process of mechanical recycling causes the plastic to degrade, meaning that the resulting product is of worse quality."

Molecular Biomarkers: Their significance and application in marine pollution monitoring by A. Sarkar, D. Ray, Amulya N. Shrivastava, Subhodeep Sarker

sjkidd23 — 2021-04-29 19:32:04 UTC

"The measurement of the levels of DNA integrity in marine organisms such as Sea stars (Asterias rubens)
from the North Sea and the marine snails (Planaxis sulcatus) from the Arabian Sea along the Goa coast exposed to environmental xenobiotic contaminants clearly indicated the extent and the nature of pollution at the sampling sites
along coastal environment."

Contaminants in Tracked Seabirds Showing Regional Patterns of Marine Pollution by Atsuo Ito, Rei Yamashita, Hideshige Takada, Takashi Yamamoto, Kozue Shiomi, Carlos Zavalaga, Tomoya Abe, Shinichi Watanabe, Maki Yamamoto, Katsufumi Sato, Hiroyoshi Kohno, Ken Yoda, Tomohiko Iida, and Yutaka Watanuki

sjkidd23 — 2021-04-29 19:37:43 UTC

"All were lowest in birds foraging
in the Pacific. This distribution of POPs concentration partly agrees with previous findings based on mussels, fish, and seawater and
possibly reflects the mobility and emission sources of each type of POP. These results highlight the importance of information on the
foraging area of highly mobile top predators to make them more effective monitors of regional marine pollution."

Global ecological, social and economic impacts of marine plastic (Nicola J. Beaumont, Margrethe Aanesen, Melanie C. Austen, Tobias Börger, James R. Clark, Matthew Cole, Tara Hooper, Penelope K. Lindeque, Christine Pascoe, Kayleigh J. Wyles)

bcmegie23 — 2021-04-29 20:10:32 UTC

- "A novel translation of these ecological impacts into ecosystem service impacts provides evidence that all ecosystem services are impacted to some extent by the presence of marine plastic, with a reduction in provision predicted for all except one. This reduction in ecosystem service provision is evidenced to have implications for human health and wellbeing, linked particularly to fisheries, heritage and charismatic species, and recreation."

- "A solid understanding of the ecological, social and economic impact of marine plastic is necessary to inform a global transition in the way we make, use and reuse plastic, in such a way as to eliminate negative impacts, with implications for public behaviour, legislation and governance, industry and commerce (Pahl et al., 2017)."

- "...there is global evidence of impact with medium to high frequency on all subjects, with a medium to high degree of irreversibility. The majority of these impacts are negative with the exception of algae and bacteria. In this case the plastic increases the range of habitats available for colonisation and enables the spread of these species to new areas, thus increasing their range and abundance."

- "The results show all ecosystem services are impacted to some extent by the presence of marine plastic..."

- "Marine ecosystem services comprehensively contribute to human wellbeing, meaning that their reduction will endanger the continued welfare of human societies, especially in coastal communities (Naeem et al., 2016)."

- "Marine plastic has the potential to reduce the efficiency and productivity of commercial fisheries and aquaculture through physical entanglement and damage (Mouat et al., 2010), but also by posing a direct risk to fish stocks. Plastic is frequently ingested by a wide range of marine species, including those directly vital to food provision such as shellfish and fish (Rochman et al., 2015) at all stages of their lifecycle (Steer et al., 2017; Lusher et al., 2012)."

- "Images and articles describing beached whales and seabirds with stomachs full of plastic are prevalent in mainstream media (Reuters, 2017). Such charismatic marine species hold significant value to humans, and there is extensive evidence that humans experience wellbeing in the knowledge that marine animals are there and will remain for future generations, even if they never directly experience them... The substantial public attention on the impact of plastic on iconic marine species suggests that even single incidents can have strong and detrimental wellbeing impacts and that the relationship between ecosystem impact and human wellbeing loss is not necessarily linear."

- "These results supported the ecosystem service analysis in finding plastic to have a substantial negative impact on experiential recreation... Litter on the shore is disliked (Hartley et al., 2013), and is often stated as a key reason why visitors will spend less time in these environments or will avoid certain sites if they anticipate it will be littered (Anderson and Brown, 1984; Ballance et al., 2000; Tudor and Williams, 2006; WHO, 2003). This has a range of economic costs, from clean-up expenses to loss of tourism revenue."

- "As well as having economic costs, the presence of litter can also have direct consequences on individuals' physical and mental health. Visitors and maritime workers are susceptible to a range of injuries... Spending time at littered coastlines has also been demonstrated to be detrimental to their mood and mental wellbeing (Wyles et al., 2016). In turn, refraining from going to the coast due to these risks, can also have health implications, inhibiting the opportunity to reap the benefits coastlines typically offer, e.g. promoting physical activity, facilitating important social interactions such as strengthening family bonds, and improving physical and mental health (Ashbullby et al., 2013; Papathanasopoulou et al., 2016)."

- "...the presence of plastic has the potential to dramatically shift the ecology of marine systems (Galloway et al., 2017). An altered environment and shifts in biodiversity can have potentially wide-reaching and unpredictable secondary societal consequences (Worm et al., 2006)."

- "...although the results show increased bacterial and algal colonisation and abundance, this might have a negative effect for the wider ecosystem. Marine plastic is an attractive substrate that is quickly and intensively colonised by a wide range of opportunistic species... Colonisation of plastic provides a mechanism for movement of organisms between biomes, thus potentially increasing their biogeographical range and risking the spread of invasive species and disease (Lamb et al., 2018). Indeed, marine plastic has been linked to increased rates of invasive species and unprecedented rates of species dispersal using man-made flotsam have been documented, including an estimate that marine plastic has doubled organisms' opportunities for dispersal in the tropics (Barnes, 2002). This additional impact is not included in this analysis, but has clear potential for causing substantial ecological, social, and economic consequences."

- "Drawing on our analysis, we recommend a systematic global research agenda for the recording and reporting of marine plastic research, especially relating to the most vulnerable and valuable ecosystem services, and on the potential contamination of the human food chain. It is also recommended to undertake further research on the heterogeneity and timescale of impacts to enable the efficient development of future policy and regulation."

Marine Pollution in the United States by Donald F. Boesch, Richard H. Burroughs, Joel E. Baker, Robert P. Mason, Christopher L. Rowe, Ronald L. Siefert

sjkidd23 — 2021-04-29 23:29:38 UTC

"Toxic pollutants, including pesticides, industrial organic chemicals and trace metals, are widespread contaminants of the marine environment. But they produce discernible adverse effects on ecosystems only in limited areas around population centers and ports. Some of these chemicals are known through experimental studies to affect the reproductive, immune, or endocrine systems of marine organisms at low concentrations, and may have subtle effects on marine organisms and populations over a broader area."

Remote Sensing for the Control of Marine Pollution by Jean-Marie Massin

sjkidd23 — 2021-04-29 23:33:51 UTC

"After various corrections, mainly
allowing for the solar illumination angle, the cumulative area
covered by the hydrocarbons spread each year in the Mediterranean Sea is crudely estimated to be 175,000 km."

Indicators of Marine Pollution in the North Pacific Ocean by Tanya M. Brown and Hideshige Takada

sjkidd23 — 2021-04-29 23:37:11 UTC

"This special issue represents the first compilation of research pertaining to marine pollution indicators in the North Pacific Ocean and provides guidance to inform mitigation and monitoring efforts of contaminants in the region."

Global research priorities to mitigate plastic pollution impacts on marine wildlife A. C. Vegter, M. Barletta, C. Beck, J. Borrero, H. Burton, M. L. Campbell, M. F. Costa, M. Eriksen, C. Eriksson, A. Estrades, K. V. K. Gilardi, B. D. Hardesty, J.A. Ivar do Sul, J. L. Lavers, B. Lazar, L. Lebreton, W. J. Nichols, C. A. Ribic,P. G. Ryan, Q. A. Schuyler, S. D. A. Smith, H. Takada, K. A. Townsend,C. C. C. Wabnitz, C. Wilcox, L. C. Young, M. Hamann

sjkidd23 — 2021-04-29 23:39:35 UTC

"This paper highlights a growing concern related to threats posed to marine wildlife from microplastics and fragmented debris, the need for data at scales relevant to management, and the urgent need to develop interdisciplinary research and management partnerships to limit the release of plastics into the environment and curb the future impacts of plastic pollution"

The Effects of Plastic Pollution on Aquatic Wildlife: Current Situations and Future Solutions

lkpalmer23 — 2021-04-30 00:34:59 UTC

https://projectdragonfly.miamioh.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Sigler_Michelle_Water-Air-Soil-Pollut_2014.pdf

This source talks about the different types of animals that are affected by plastic pollution and ways that pollution can be handled. It talks about tracking ocean currents.
"The United Nations has estimated that 5–10 million t of
plastic are circulating in the North Pacific Ocean between California and Japan"
Sigler, M. (2014). The effects of plastic pollution on aquatic wildlife: current situations and future solutions. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 225(11), 1-9.

Tracking Marine Pollution

lkpalmer23 — 2021-04-30 00:45:35 UTC

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kyle-Elliott-2/publication/236615111_Environmental_science_Tracking_marine_pollution/links/02e7e529b5c4f9307f000000/Environmental-science-Tracking-marine-pollution.pdf
This article talks about ways that seabirds can help researchers 'Sample' the enviroment. That in turn can help tell how much plastic is in certain areas.
Elliott, J. E., & Elliott, K. H. (2013). Tracking marine pollution. science, 340(6132), 556-558.

Linkage between Public Policy, Green Technology and Green Products on Environmental Awareness in the Urban Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

lkpalmer23 — 2021-04-30 00:55:29 UTC

https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO201716463831134.pdf
This article talks about how awareness and technology can impact the environment in one place in Malaysia. These strategies could be implemented elsewhere to a certain extent.
Saifullah, M. K., Kari, F. B., & Ali, M. A. (2017). Linkage between public policy, green technology and green products on environmental awareness in the urban Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business, 4(2), 45-53.

Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity

lkpalmer23 — 2021-04-30 01:01:41 UTC

https://ap-st01.ext.exlibrisgroup.com/61SCU_INST/upload/1619744389404_fulltext.pdf?Expires=1619744509&Signature=BrfgCDzeXgCEl5YVmi6urZzRnMw9SslEHWB2KkXN2RkhbjmFZoWw95NO5FCAB8quFgOt1njiEGInqFktej~sdCMHg663bCwg0H6n30BNvt7UxalLaMgoR9sO4ji8ITd6x5FrD863BueMf4a1lu6bhi8i5UG5Q4~uOCrfitct6NZUXLgy~P1srIqJ5qus-8yFfyr8u-05LS2ttAN1HedCWsNk5PHL5YxKS5e6OsLPLnG7yYLvpx2Etit9KCSxoxAjTbIOZk~OxWQgkjrVnQWGOlsaceNovNELU--er4yX4OFbCNiShfoylJavDndUGfx~bVqLHrOGoXvYxcpYV-bYOg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJ72OZCZ36VGVASIA
This article explains ways that public officials can evaluate water crisis. The authors explain that a balance needs to be struck between human resource use and the environment.
Vörösmarty, C. J., McIntyre, P. B., Gessner, M. O., Dudgeon, D., Prusevich, A., Green, P., ... & Davies, P. M. (2010). Global threats to human water security and river biodiversity. nature, 467(7315), 555-561.

Anthropomorphic Green Advertising: How to Enhance Consumers’ Environmental Concern

lkpalmer23 — 2021-04-30 01:06:39 UTC

http://dlsu-ber.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/7laksmdewi-0719-revised.pdf
This article talks about how making the environment relate more to consumers by means of advertising helps raise environmental concern in people.
Laksmidewi, D., & Soelasih, Y. J. D. B. (2019). Anthropomorphic green advertising: How to enhance consumers’ environmental concern. DLSU Business & Economics Review, 29(1), 72-84.

The Debate over Corporate Social Responsibility

lkpalmer23 — 2021-04-30 01:11:18 UTC

http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.468.7584&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=388
This article talks about how advertising can help people be aware of the environment and can force public officials into responding to a crisis.
Ongkrutraksa, W. Y. (2007). Green marketing and advertising. The debate over corporate social responsibility, 365-378.

A critical review on the sources and instruments of marine microplastics and prospects on the relevant management in China

lkpalmer23 — 2021-04-30 01:19:46 UTC

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0734242X18793504
This article explains what microplastics are and how they end up in the ocean. Also explains why plastic breaks down slowly.
Wang, J., Zheng, L., & Li, J. (2018). A critical review on the sources and instruments of marine microplastics and prospects on the relevant management in China. Waste Management & Research, 36(10), 898-911.

Global research priorities to mitigate plastic pollution impacts on marine wildlife

lkpalmer23 — 2021-04-30 01:23:43 UTC

https://www.int-res.com/articles/esr_oa/n025p225.pdf
Talks about how plastic kills and injures marine wildlife and why that's important to people. Also talks about the prevalence of plastic
Vegter, A. C., Barletta, M., Beck, C., Borrero, J., Burton, H., Campbell, M. L., ... & Hamann, M. (2014). Global research priorities to mitigate plastic pollution impacts on marine wildlife. Endangered Species Research, 25(3), 225-247.

Using social media to strengthen public awareness of wildlife conservation

lkpalmer23 — 2021-04-30 01:28:54 UTC

https://mce.nju.edu.cn/DFS/file/2019/12/30/201912301838394287ubwbz.pdf
Talks about how social media can impact the environment. Brings up reason and explore them.
Wu, Y., Xie, L., Huang, S. L., Li, P., Yuan, Z., & Liu, W. (2018). Using social media to strengthen public awareness of wildlife conservation. Ocean & Coastal Management, 153, 76-83.

Plastic pollution and potential solutions

lkpalmer23 — 2021-04-30 01:34:24 UTC

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.3184/003685018X15294876706211
This article explain many solutions to the plastic problem. They ivlove technology and can help provide me with some solutions.
Rhodes, C. J. (2018). Plastic pollution and potential solutions. Science progress, 101(3), 207-260.

The Role of Social Marketing and Sustainable Tourism in Reducing Plastic Pollution (Lynne Eagle, Mark Hamann & David R. Low)

bcmegie23 — 2021-04-30 03:25:58 UTC

- "As well as the visual impact of litter, plastic bags can impact on population health through the provision of breeding grounds for
disease-carrying mosquitoes. They also can provide a means for invasive species to enter new
habitats, endangering native species (Gregory, 2009)."

- "Plastic is responsible for killing 1 million seabirds and over 100,000 sea mammals each year (Leahy, 2004). Some 267 species, including 86% of all sea turtles, up to 36% of seabirds, and up to 28% of all marine mammals .have been found with ingested plastic (Müller, et al.,
2012). Aside from direct mortality, many animals have been found to consume plastics at non-lethal levels, resulting in dietary dilution and thus potential malnutrition (Schuyler et al., 2012). In non-lethal cases it is possible that there are uptake of plastic toxins which could lead to physiological change or tropic, or food chain, level change (Hirai et al., 2011)."

- "The longevity of the risk to marine life is illustrated by the finding that plastic swallowed by an albatross originated from a plane shot down 60 years earlier and 9,600 km away (Wabnitz & Nichols, 2010)."

- "Successful solutions to the problem of marine pollution require a multi-faceted intervention.
Awareness and educational-based interventions have a role to play in ensuring an understanding of the impact of plastic disposal on marine life and thus encouraging
environmentally appropriate choices..."

Channelling passion for the ocean towards plastic pollution (Sabine Pahl, Kayleigh J. Wyles, Richard C. Thompson)

bcmegie23 — 2021-04-30 04:14:13 UTC

- "Plastic particles have been found
in commercially important seafood, in rivers and soils, and in salt for human consumption, although effects on human health are as yet unknown..."

- "While media images are emotive and such initiatives have important local impact, they may not be sufficiently connected to the real underlying cause: the broader societal systems and habits that make plastic ubiquitous."

- "... end-of-pipe solutions such clean-ups have, up to now, received
greater attention than have systemic approaches to stop the problem at its source. This is akin to fixing an overflowing bath by mopping up the water spilling onto the floor rather than turning off the tap."

- "The combination of practical benefit, wide availability and lack of immediately visible harm when using plastics in daily life makes it harder to establish social norms of less plastic or to motivate people to dispose of plastics properly. It may
also conjure up feelings of helplessness and lack of control, against a society that does not appear to care about plastic."

- "Could we motivate action on plastic pollution by using powerful images on everyday products? Changes to cigarette packaging have seen the introduction of
graphic images showing health impacts to reduce smoking. Applying this approach to plastic products could be one method
of linking people’s passion for the ocean to the use of plastics in daily life, potentially resulting in more careful consumption and disposal behaviours."

Sampling the Sea: Using Social Media for an Online Ocean Stability Curriculum (Ronald E. Rice, Julie A. Robinson, Bruce Caron)

bcmegie23 — 2021-04-30 13:26:39 UTC

- "Ocean literary curriculum units, lessons, and activities centered in issue-based learning can be used to increase opportunities to engage students in active and authentic ocean science inquiry (Wilmes and Howarth 2009). These opportunities can now be enhanced through the use of online social media in support of participatory learning in, across, and outside of classrooms."

- "... the use of social media and social networking in the curriculum should allow students to bring their outside-of-school media sharing expertise and interests into the classroom (Rheingold 2008) and enhance opportunities for peer-to-peer, or cooperative learning."

- "... social media can offer students possibilities to integrate new important skills: distributed cognition, collective intelligence, transmedia navigation, and even play, as several examples."

Did the Blue Planet set the Agenda for Plastic Pollution? An Explorative Study on the Influence of a Documentary on the Public, Media and Political Agendas (Jennifer Males, Peter Van Aelst)

bcmegie23 — 2021-04-30 15:05:01 UTC

- "The results also seem to imply that The Blue Planet generated
this interest in plastic pollution which was, for both the media and
political agendas, long-lasting. These results have implications for
understanding the importance of documentaries as a viable source of
putting environmental issues on the public, media and political agendas."

- "There is growing consensus that
these types of films are no longer intended solely to entertain or inform the public, but are in
fact, a strong potential advocate for relevant social issues (Nisbet & Aufderheide, 2011, p. 450)."

- "The results imply that the documentary was extremely influential in generating interest in plastic pollution by the public, media and politicians, suggesting that documentaries can be used as a powerful tool for advocating issue salience."

- "For example, stories are often sensationalized or dramatized to generate more interest in an issue. Second, if the media gives more attention to an issue, the public will more likely consider it to be important. Research into this theory indicates a significant relationship between the level of coverage by the media of certain topics and the degree of salience of these issues among the general public (Ader, 1995; Dotson et al., 2012)."

- "Although little is known about the extent to which documentaries can influence policy making (Vasi et al., 2015, p. 935), there is some proof
that they can initiate political debates over social issues (Nisbet & Aufderheide, 2011, p. 450)."

Using social media to strengthen public awareness of wildlife conservation (Yinglin Wu, Ling Xie, Shiang-Lin Huang, Ping Li, Zengwei Yuan, Wenhua Liu)

bcmegie23 — 2021-04-30 16:11:11 UTC

- "Therefore, strengthening public awareness plays an increasingly important role in evoking stewardship of environmental
protection and biological conservation issues (Jefferson et al., 2015; Steel et al., 2005)."

- "...studies have shown that even conservation science information
extracted from professional conferences can be delivered to more audience via social media forums such as Twitter (Bombaci et al., 2015; Shiffman, 2012)"

Enhancing public awareness and promoting co-responsibility for marine litter in Europe: the challenge of MARLISCO (Joana M. Veiga, Thomais Vlachogianni, Sabine Pahl, Richard Thompson, Kathrin Kopke, Thomas K. Doyle, Bonny L. Hartley, Thomas Maes, Demetra L. Orthodoxou, Xenia I. Loizidou, Iro Alampei)

bcmegie23 — 2021-04-30 16:24:16 UTC

- "At present, problems associated with marine litter are exacerbated by a combination of: lack of awareness within society on the extent of the problem; lack of awareness of potential solutions; and lack of communication and
articulation mechanisms between the different stakeholders."

- "As in other complex environmental issues, the problem is not always related to a lack of knowledge but rather to the context for using this knowledge and incentives to actually turn it into action (Naustdalslid, 2011)."

- "A range of initiatives have been implemented throughout Europe involving the general public in taking action against marine litter or to be actively engaged in waste prevention and management."

Public awareness, concerns, and priorities about anthropogenic impacts on marine environments (Stefan Gelcich, Paul Buckley, John K. Pinnegar, Jason Chilvers, Irene Lorenzoni, Geraldine Terry, Matias Guerrero, Juan Carlos Castilla, Abel Valdebenito, Carlos M. Duarte)

bcmegie23 — 2021-04-30 17:04:08 UTC

- "Although significant relationships between informedness and
concern are prevalent in our results, personal experience and
informedness alone do not necessarily fully account for concern, and personal risk, interest, and moral values—not assessed here—can also play important roles."

- "Public views, in conjunction with expert opinion, can help focus
international, national, and local initiatives in prioritizing the most
important or most manageable marine impacts. Indeed, there is
considerable consensus between the citizens’ responses to the survey and the outcome of a systematic assessment of ocean threats..."

Responses of Two Scleractinian Corals to Cobalt pollution and Ocean Acidification. (Tom Biscrere, Riccardo Rodolfo-Metalpa, Anne Lorrain, Laurent Chauvaud, Julien Thebault, and Jacques Clavier.)

ekretschmer22 — 2021-04-30 23:29:18 UTC

. We found that, for both species, cobalt input decreased significantly their growth rates by 28% while it stimulated their photosystem II, with higher values of rETR.sub.max (relative Electron Transport Rate)
This article talks about how different kinds of pollution affects two types of coral reefs. It also goes in depth and has a solution to help the coral reefs.

Mixing oil and water:Tracking the Sources and Impacts of Oil Pollution in the Marine Environment. (John W. Farrington and Judith E. McDowell)

ekretschmer22 — 2021-04-30 23:52:17 UTC

" Long-term effects of oil exposure can alter the physiology and ecology of populations of marine organisms, especially those found in sensitive habitats."

This articles talks about how oil pollution affects the whole ocean. It talks about how it gets in the ocean, what it does to animals and their habitats, what it does to the ocean water, and how to get rid of it.

Ocean Pollution (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations.)

ekretschmer22 — 2021-05-02 19:22:15 UTC

"Our ocean and waterways are polluted with a wide variety of marine debris, ranging from tiny microplastics, smaller than 5 mm, to derelict fishing gear and abandoned vessels."

This article talks about the different kind of pollution in the ocean and the great lakes. This source also talks about how it affects the animals and their food because some marine animals are eating plastic. There is also a lot of micro-plastic that is affecting the ocean.

Marine Pollution explained. (Jenny Howard)

ekretschmer22 — 2021-05-02 19:29:05 UTC

"Chemical pollution is the introduction of harmful contaminants. Common man-made pollutants that reach the ocean include pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, detergents, oil, industrial chemicals, and sewage."

Oil Spills (National Oceanic and atmospheric administration)

ekretschmer22 — 2021-05-02 19:34:51 UTC

"Where the oil is spilled, what kinds of plants, animals, and habitats are found there, and the amount and type of oil, among other things, can influence how much harm an oil spill causes."

Garbage Patches (NOAA Marine Debris Program)

ekretschmer22 — 2021-05-02 19:39:42 UTC

"Marine life can be caught and injured, or potentially killed in certain types of debris."
"We know that this can be harmful to the health of fish, seabirds, and other marine animals."

Ocean Pollution:The Dirty Facts (Melissa Denchak)

ekretschmer22 — 2021-05-02 19:43:10 UTC

"It’s estimated that by the end of this century, if we keep pace with our current emissions practices, the surface waters of the ocean could be nearly 150 percent more acidic than they are now."

Fish Get Risky Around Oil (Kalila Morsink)

ekretschmer22 — 2021-05-02 19:45:56 UTC

"For a growing fish, crude oil exposure is really bad news. Even worse, the effects on fish behavior happen at quite low concentrations of oil, as little as the equivalent of a few drops in a swimming pool."

How Oil Spills Can Literally Break Fish Hearts. (Craig Welch)

ekretschmer22 — 2021-05-02 19:48:44 UTC

“We’re finding that oil can be toxic at far lower concentrations than we once thought and affect more organisms in more ways than we ever imagined.”

How Plastic Pollution is Affecting the Ocean Wildlife (Kerry Taylor-Smith)

ekretschmer22 — 2021-05-02 19:52:35 UTC

"90% of seabirds have pieces of plastic in their stomachs"
"Current estimates suggest that at least 267 species worldwide have been affected, including 84% of sea turtle species, 44% of all seabird species, and 43% of all marine mammal species"

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dag-Daler/publication/8618959_Ocean_Pollution_from_Land-based_Sources_East_China_Sea_China/links/56efc89308aed5ce3ad87c50/Ocean-Pollution-from-Land-based-Sources-East-China-Sea-China.pdf

lkpalmer23 — 2021-05-06 00:21:23 UTC

Daoji, L., & Daler, D. (2004). Ocean pollution from land-based sources: East China Sea, China. Ambio, 107-113.

Marine pollution definition

srsamons22 — 2021-05-06 02:58:05 UTC

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_pollution