International Migration before 1945 by Saltanat Akhmetova https://padlet.com/saltanat_akhmetova/ipyfx9gghu Provide a short summary of following sub-chapters: 1) Colonialism, 2) Migration and nation in French history, 3) Industrialization and migration to North America and Australia before 1914, 4) Labor migration within Europe, 5) The interwar period, 6) Forced foreign labor in the Nazi war economy en-us 2019-01-28 06:27:10 UTC 2024-05-30 09:46:40 UTC hello@padlet.com Botakoz, Agzhan, Darina, Akbota, Dayana - Group 2 https://padlet.com/saltanat_akhmetova/ipyfx9gghu/wish/379763119 After the collapse of the Roman Empire in the 5th century, people with diverse cultural and political backgrounds were living in the Ancient Gaul. Celts from the West Britain invaded Frankish state which then became the foundation of the medieval French kingdom. Expansion of French identity, consciousness and French state was a long process due to the Norse raiders. Life for most residents of that territory of modern French state was limited by the village and its environs, so the residents of neighboring territories, Brittany, Normandy and Languedoc, were strangers. There were a lot of new people migrating to the Frankish state, like Italians, muslim slaves, immigrants from  Spain and the Eastern Mediterranean. Jews were frequently forced to leave the state, however, later in 1715 the doors were reopened for them again.The group of gypsies or descendent immigrants from present-day India came to spread their wares through the Kingdom. However, local population was not hostile, therefore most of the French cities like Anger banned them. However, gypsies returned back and became a part of French society but locals did’t accept them. 
In the 15th century the early modern states have appeared. In 18th century people begun to doubt the right of kings, and later during French Revolution the ideas about nation-state and the belonging of human rights to the state emerged. This is important for migration, because now states have authority to control movement across borders. Illegal migration has become issue because it is perceived as violation of state sovereignty.]]> 2019-09-04 06:05:39 UTC https://padlet.com/saltanat_akhmetova/ipyfx9gghu/wish/379763119 4- Group madina_bekbergenova https://padlet.com/saltanat_akhmetova/ipyfx9gghu/wish/379763412 Alua, Maral, Akhmetzhan, Assiya, Meruert, Madina]]> 2019-09-04 06:07:09 UTC https://padlet.com/saltanat_akhmetova/ipyfx9gghu/wish/379763412 Karina, Daulet, Roza- Group 3 https://padlet.com/saltanat_akhmetova/ipyfx9gghu/wish/379763428 Western European countries made use of the profit from the colonies to invest in the development of the manufactures. The industrial revolution resulted in the emergence of the new class “free proletariat” in Britain. However, the new class had still been treated poorly, as they have been severely underpaid and usually punished for refusal to work.

The USA has become an attractive country for immigrants due to its big space of opportunities, both economic and social. Nevertheless, once the migrants have come to this land they have experienced the realities of the space that has not gone through industrialization. The first waves of immigrants to the US have basically built all the main infrastructure for the further development. Free migration to the US lasted until 1880s. The main ethnic groups who moved were Jews, Irish, and Italian people. Once coming to the American land, different ethnic groups formed not only cultural but also labor communities, in general forming the American working class, or proletariat. 
 
Canada became home for many loyalists of British descent after the American revolution. Starting from the late 18th century migration from countries like France, Germany and other North-European countries increased. In addition, African-American migrants fled to Canada as a result of persecution through slavery. As a result of these processes, Canadian population jumped sharply from  around 3.5 million to approximately 10 million residents. Despite initial inflow of immigrants from Asia, 1931 legislation stipulated that immigrants of wealthy British background. As for Australia, immigration served as a main source of economic development and nation building after the period of colonization. The imperial state had promoted free settlement and famously known convict transportation. As the population of Britain became insufficient for the migration needs of colonies, they had to invite immigrants from other parts of the world like China, India and South Pacific Islands notwithstanding blatant racism and violence discrimination against asians.  In 1901, the White Australia Policy was implemented. 
]]> 2019-09-04 06:07:16 UTC https://padlet.com/saltanat_akhmetova/ipyfx9gghu/wish/379763428 Khanzada, Assel, Zarina - Group 5 https://padlet.com/saltanat_akhmetova/ipyfx9gghu/wish/379764484 In a period of the First world war, states needed a labour as much as they needed people for military services. As many locals left the countries to go to the war, the states met a need to recruit migrants from other countries for labour purposes. Labour recruitment was accompanied with occupation of certain lands, and provided low living conditions and wages for the migrants. 
In fact, interwar period is marked by low migration rate because of the worldwide poor economic situation, and increasing negative attitude towards the migrants in different states. Migrants were seen as a threat to the local society, and thus were prevented from entering the country in many ways (e.g. by establishing specific laws to limit the entry). There was no support for the migrants as such, especially for the Jewish workers partly because of anti-semitism, and also because of the absence of refugee status in many states to provide social benefits for the migrants. 
France is the only country that had faced an increase in immigration rate simply because of the large war losses. Not only the government itself, but other specific agencies were recruiting labor. These workers then signed specific labor contracts, and were monitored and controlled during their work. Though, it was still true that many migrants entered France without any assistance of recruiting agencies. 
That time almost 75% of the population growth in France was due to the international labour migrants. They were mostly recruited to the areas of the heavy industrial towns, mining and agricultural sites. During the economic standstill in 1930's the state formed laws which permits to dismiss and deport foreign workers, which counted for almost half million of them. Despite the fact that cheap and flexible migrant working force provided comfortable conditions for economic growth, they became a 'spacegoat' blamed for economic depression. ]]> 2019-09-04 06:12:01 UTC https://padlet.com/saltanat_akhmetova/ipyfx9gghu/wish/379764484 Amanbekov, Moldan, Dostay, Abeldinova, Duisenday, Syzdykova https://padlet.com/saltanat_akhmetova/ipyfx9gghu/wish/379766126
European colonialism gave rise to various types of migration. It contained the migration from Europe to Africa, Asia, then to Americas and Oceania. The migrant groups included sailors, farmers, traders, scientists, clergy and government administration. However, some of them, coming from one state, were not originally from there (e.g. Dutch soldiers, who originally were Germans). The migration majorly happened because of poverty in domestic countries - drive for enrichment and seeking for a better life. Also, the important factor in colonial migration was slavery - forced relocation of people, used for the economic and political changes (production of cotton, sugar, tobacco, etc.). By 1770, there were 2.5m slaves in North America, producing 50% of all European production. By 1850 it was 15m slaves. 

The slavery also led to the stratification and division of societies, which can be observed today. The modern hostility partially dates to that period. ]]> 2019-09-04 06:17:45 UTC https://padlet.com/saltanat_akhmetova/ipyfx9gghu/wish/379766126 https://padlet.com/saltanat_akhmetova/ipyfx9gghu/wish/379769179 2019-09-04 06:30:34 UTC https://padlet.com/saltanat_akhmetova/ipyfx9gghu/wish/379769179